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Title: IGCSE Chemistry revision notes
Description: IGCSE level revision notes, everything summarised into two pages.
Description: IGCSE level revision notes, everything summarised into two pages.
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Chemistry revision
Gases in the Air
Nitrogen- 79%
Oxygen- 21%
Carbon dioxide
Noble gases
Water Vapour
1%
Hydrogen is not in the air
Preparing Oxygen- this is how you make oxygen in the lab
H2O2—> 2H20+O2
hydrogen peroxide will naturally decompose
but if you add a catalyst i
...
manganese oxide and what it does is that it speeds up that
reaction and then you can collect the oxygen
...
Acids alkalis and base
Acid H
Alkali OH
Litmus
Red
Blue
phenolphthlyne
Colourless
Pink
Methyloyne
Red
Yellow
Metal ending of acid
HNO3 Nitrate
H2SO4 Sulfate
HCL chloride
Metal + Acid—> Salt + Hydrogen
Metal Oxide + Acid—-> Salt + Water
(Base)
Metal Hydroxide + Acid—> Salt + Water
Metal carbonate + Acid—> Salt + Water + CO2
Transition metals have roman numerals by it
Soluble
Sodium
Nitrate
Ammonium
Potassium
Sulfate
Chloride- Silver chloride
Carbonates
Insoluble salts- Precipitate- filter off the precipitate-Wash it e
...
distilled H20 and leave to dry in a
warm place and dry between filter paper
Making Soluble salts- Alkali + Acid- Titration
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
Making Metal oxide/ Metal carbonate+ Acid
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
Rates of Reactions
Effect of Surface Area
Large surface area= small pieces
CaCO3+ 2HCl—> CaCl2+ H20+ CO2
rate= amount produced in a certain time
...
To make fair- Mass of CaCO3
...
- Same temp of acid
...
On a rate of reaction graph the steeper the line the faster the rate of reaction takes place
...
Effect of Temperature
Increasing temperature= Increasing rate of reaction because giving particles kinetic energy means
more successful collisions
...
Activation Energy= The minimum amount of energy required for a successful collision
...
Temp, Conc, and SA do not change the Activation Energy
...
Mole calculations
6x10 power23
n
cv
m
n mr
v dm3
n 24 dm3
c
fl cl
0
...
38 1
...
02
0
...
04
1
1
2
C2F2Cl4
Mr= 204
dm-cm= Times by 1000
cm-dm= Divide by 1000
Electrolysis
Current- The flow of electrons or ions
...
Metals- Cations surrounded by delocalised electrons
...
Cathode (-) Positive ions go to cathode (Metals + Hydrogen)- Collect them
...
Molten Ionic Substances
PbBr2
Cation(+) Pb2 + 2e—> Pb (Cathode)
Anode(-) 2Br- —> Br2 + 2e (Anode)
Title: IGCSE Chemistry revision notes
Description: IGCSE level revision notes, everything summarised into two pages.
Description: IGCSE level revision notes, everything summarised into two pages.