Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
1-Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech Examples
Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech:
Verb
noun
verb
noun
Verb
Verb
Stop!
John
works
...
pronoun
verb
noun
noun
verb
adjective
noun
She
loves
animals
...
noun
verb
noun
Adverb
noun
verb
adjective
noun
Tara
speaks
English
well
...
Pronoun
verb
preposition
adjective
noun
adverb
She
ran
to
the
station
quickly
...
verb
adj
...
verb
pron
...
Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech:
interjection
pron
...
adj
...
noun
adverb
Well,
She
and
young
John
walk
to
school
slowly
...
In English, the concept of tense is very important
...
What is Tense?
Tense & Time
Basic Tenses
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Be
What is Tense?
tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to
the time of speaking
...
Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future
...
Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods
...
But, and this is a very big but:
we can also talk about time without using tenses (for example, going to is a special construction to talk about the future, it is not a
tense)
Present simple tense
Structure of present simple
I work in a bank
...
Do you work in a bank?
He works in a bank
...
Does he work in a bank?
Common mistakes
Correct version
Why?
I working in London
...
The gerund ing form is not used in the
present simple
...
He works in London
...
He work in London?
Does he work in London?
person:
infinitive
...
He doesn't work in London
...
person:
infinitive
...
Did you see him?
Present simple - common mistakes
He not work in London
...
Past simple - common mistakes
2
Common mistakes
Correct version
Why?
I was work in London
...
In positive sentences, a helping verb such as 'was' or
'did' is not used
...
Worked he in London?
Did he work in London?
The helping verb 'did' is used in past simple questions
...
He didn't wrote a letter
...
The main verb is used in the infinitive form in
questions and negatives
...
I'm (I am) not reading
...
He is not (he's not/he isn't)
reading a book
...
They are still waiting for you
...
They are still waiting for you?
Are they still waiting for you?
Do they still waiting for you?
Are they still waiting for you?
Where they are waiting for you?
Where are they waiting for you?
She doesn't watching TV
...
To form the negative we put not after the verb be (am
not, is not = isn't, are not = aren't)
...
I believe you
...
g
...
In questions the subject (they) and the auxiliary verb
(be) change places
...
I wasn't (was not) reading
...
You weren't (were not) reading a book
...
hours
...
3
To form the past continuous we use was/were +
ing
...
They watched TV when I came
...
They were watching TV when I came
...
Present perfect tense
Structure of present perfect
I've (I have) seen him
...
Have you seen him?
He's (he has) gone
...
Has he gone?
Present perfect simple - common mistakes
Common mistakes
Correct version
Why?
Steven has wrote a new book
...
The past participle of the verb must be used - wrote is
past simple, written is the past participle
...
I didn't have seen him before
...
The helping verb 'have' is used in the present perfectto make it negative we simply add not (n't)
...
I have been here since last week
...
Verbs such as know, want, like, etc
...
I've been knowing him for 5
I've known him for 5 years
...
Past perfect tense
Structure of past perfect
I'd (I had) seen him
...
Had you seen him?
Common mistakes
Correct version
Why?
I didn't been to London
...
The helping verb had / hadn't is used in the past
perfect
...
had had a haircut
...
He told me has been to London
...
'' However, in reported speech we move
London
...
The Present perfect Tense & The Past Perfect Tense
The present perfect is used when the time period has
NOT finished:
I have seen three movies this week
...
)
4
The simple past is used when the time period HAS
finished:
The present perfect is often used when giving recent
news:
The simple past is used when giving older
information:
The present perfect is used when the time is not
specific:
The simple past is used when the time is clear:
The present perfect is used with for and since, when
the actions have not finished yet:
The simple past is used with for and since, when the
actions have already finished:
I saw three movies last week
...
)
Martin has crashed his car again
...
)
Martin crashed his car last year
...
)
I have seen that movie already
...
)
I saw that movie on Thursday
...
)
I have lived in Victoria for five years
...
)
I lived in Victoria for five years
...
)
Future tense
Structure of future simple
I'll (I will) be there tomorrow
...
Common mistakes
Correct version
Why?
The
phone's
ringing
...
- OK, I'm going to answer it
...
I'm sure he is going to help you
...
When we say what we think or expect, we use
will (won't)
...
I promise I'll help
...
When we refer to the future in adverbial clauses,
I'll call you when I'll come to my I'll call you when I come to my
we normally use present simple (after when, as
office
...
soon as, until)
...
send you a postcard
...
I can't see you next week
...
I will
returning/am going to return to we use the present continuous or the 'going to'
return to Paris
...
future
...
this year
...
evening
...
Look! You will drop your books
...
that the action will happen
...
can't
He can't be crazy
...
You have to arrive by 8 o'clock
...
You needn't arrive by 8 o'clock
...
can't / cannot
I can't play the guitar
...
You mustn't smoke here
...
Modal verbs >> Modal verbs in the past
Modal verbs in the past
Present
Past
should be
should have been
could be
could have been
will be
would be
may be
may have been
might be
might have been
would be
would have been
Modal verbs >> Should (to express obligation)
Should - to express obligation
Structure: should + infinitive
We use should for the present and the future
...
Should is weaker than have to or must
...
You shouldn't smoke, it's bad for you
...
Modal verbs >> Should have (to express past obligation)
6
Should have - to express unfulfilled past obligation
Structure: should + have + past participle
We use should have for the past
...
You should have told them the truth
...
I don't think you should have done it
...
/ I have to go
...
He must be here
...
(when we want to express a personal opinion)
He must have been here
...
Modal verbs >> Must / have to
Must / have to
Present
Past
I must go
...
(when we want to express obligation)
I had to go
...
It must be great
...
It must have been great
...
We use must have to express that we feel sure that something
was true
...
He must have already gone
...
He can't have escaped through this window
...
She can't have said that
...
May / might / could have - to express probability in the past
Structure: modal + have + past participle
may have been, could have gone, might have lost, etc
...
He may have missed the bus
...
The negatives are may not have and might not have
...
The assistant might not have received his message
...
Every sentence must have a noun as its subject
...
Toronto is a city
...
Proper nouns should always be capitalized
...
Brown
Sally
Common Nouns
A common noun is any noun that is not a proper noun
...
Examples: the city
a leader
this woman
Plural Forms
The plural form of a noun indicates more than one
...
Examples: one week, two weeks
a house, many houses
one box, two boxes
Nouns that end in a consonant followed by a y are made plural by dropping the y and adding ies
...
Example: one toy, two toys
Nouns that end in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves
...
Examples: one foot, two feet
a mouse, many mice
Possessive Forms
The possessive form of a noun indicates ownership or modifies another noun
...
Examples: the player's equipment
the woman's job
Canada's government
Articles
First the good news:There are only three articles in English: a, an and the
...
You also need to know when not to use an article
...
Quite often you have
to work it out by what sounds right, which can be frustrating for a learner
...
They refer to something not specifically known to the person you are communicating with
...
"
"I ate a banana for lunch
...
"
"I am a builder
...
-You use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u)
-Pronunciation changes this rule
...
-If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, for example, "university" then we use a
...
-We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt "youniversity"
...
-We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt "our"
...
(Lots of people get this wrong - including native speakers
...
For
example:
"The apple you ate was rotten
...
For
example:
"She's got two children; a girl and a boy
...
"
We use the to talk about geographical points on the globe
...
For
example:
the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the earth, the White House etc
...
For
example:
"I could hear the wind
...
"
"What are your plans for the future?" / "She has a promising future ahead of her
...
In this use, 'the' is usually
given strong pronunciation:
For
example:
"Harry's Bar is the place to go
...
" = (Not all books are expensive, just the ones I'm talking about
...
" = (All books are expensive
...
People are worried about rising crime
...
For
example:
My son plays football
...
You do not use an article before uncountable nouns when talking about them generally
...
Coffee is bad for you
...
Kingdom, state, republic and union are nouns, so they need an article
...
30)
months (in January)
dates (on 5 August)
religious festivals (at Easter)
seasons (in summer)
on Monday morning
points in time (at the end of the week)
parts of the day (in the
afternoon, in the morning BUT
at night)
Prepositions of time (during, for, over, or, by, until)
We use during to talk about something that happens within a
particular period of time, to say when something takes place
...
During my time in London I visited a lot of interesting
places
...
We use over or in to talk about something that has been
happening continuously up until the present, or will happen
continuously in the future
...
We expect a rise in sales over / in the next few months
...
I can only come for a few minutes
...
We use by to say that something will happen or be achieved
before a particular time
...
He should return by the end of March
...
We have to stay here until he comes
...
10
Prepositions >> Examples of some prepositional verbs
Prepositional verbs
to agree to something
to accept
I don't think he will ever agree to such a plan
...
to apply for something
to formally ask someone for something such as a job or
permission to do something
Why didn't you apply for a bank loan?
to complain to somebody about something/somebody
to say you are annoyed about something
If the service is not satisfactory, you should complain to
the customer service about it
...
to consist of something
to mention all of the things that something contains
The delegation consists of over 200 people, including
interpreters and journalists
...
to refer to something
to talk about somebody or something in a conversation,
speech or a piece of writing
Everyone knows who she was referring to in her speech
...
Are you afraid of the dark?
angry about something
angry with somebody
I am really angry about what she did
...
concerned about something
I'm concerned about his exam results
...
sorry about something
sorry for doing something
Was she sorry about the mistake?
I'm sorry for being late
...
Prepositions >> Prepositions after adjectives (2)
Prepositions after adjectives
(un)aware of something
Is he aware of the problem?
11
dependent on something
She is still dependent on her parents
...
impressed by/with something
I was very impressed by his performance
...
upset about something
I was really upset about it
...
a week
...
The office wasn't (was not) cleaned on
Was the office cleaned on Friday?
Friday
...
the moment
...
yet
...
week
...
The office cannot be cleaned
...
Can the office be cleaned?
we
use
the
prepositional
phrase
with
by:
Passive forms - common mistakes
Common mistakes
Correct version
Why?
This problem will discussed next
week
...
This problem will be discuss next
week
...
My car is repairing at the
moment
...
To make a passive form of a continuous
tense we use be + being + past
participle
...
She has already been invited
...
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases or clauses in a sentence
...
Conjunctions connecting Subjects:
1
...
12
2
...
3
...
Adam and Eve were our first parents
...
The kitty pawed and pulled the string
...
The rickety boat creaked and groaned as it rocked on the rough sea
...
The boys whooped and hollered as their favorite team scored a touchdown
...
Jesus suffered and died for us
...
Always do your assignment neatly and promptly
...
She wore her red and blue dress to the party
...
The bell rang loudly but joyfully
...
Dad is a skillful and careful driver
...
Examples: "Mary is here
...
"
Interrogative Sentences are used to ask questions
...
Examples: "Come here
...
"
Conditional Sentences are used to indicate dependencies between events or conditions
...
"
It is not polite to use imperative sentences without the word "Please"
...
" than just
"Come here
...
Sentences may be simple or compound
...
Examples:
"Come here and sit down
...
",
"What is your name and where do you live?",
"Either John will go to New York or Mary will come here
...
Wrong: "Mary lives in New York and come here
...
Refer to this list whenever you are unsure which word is correct
...
Term
Definition
Usage
A/AN
indefinite article:
A :before words beginning with a consonant: a lobster
An: before words beginning with a vowel: an idiot
ACCEPT
verb: to receive
accept an apology
EXCEPT
conj
...
EFFECT
noun: result
One effect of the recession
...
AGGRAVATE
verb: to make worse (only conditions)
Loud music aggravates a headache
...
A LOT
article plus a noun: a large amount
I have a lot of CD=s
...
ILLUSION
noun: error in vision
The canals on Mars are an illusion
...
ALL TOGETHER
all at one time
We recite the vow all together
...
BETWEEN
of two (or twos)
The choice was between her and me
...
NUMBER
noun: things that can be counted
He has held a number of jobs
...
LIKE
preposition
This book is like the other one
...
instead
BORROW
verb: to take with the intention of
I borrowed a book from the library
...
getting back
BRING
verb: to carry toward the speaker
She brought it to me
...
COMPLEMENT
noun: that which completes
The scarf complements the outfit
...
CONSCIENCE
noun: moral sense of right and wrong
He had a strong conscience
...
14
COUNSEL
verb: to give advice
Gamblers Anonymous counsels recovering gamblers
...
DISINTERESTED
fair, without prejudice
disinterested judge
UNINTERESTED
not concerned
uninterested in sports
EMIGRATE
verb: to leave a country
She emigrated from France
...
S
...
abbreviation of et cetera
Avoid in formal writing; give the entire list instead
...
WELL
adverb: in a good manner
He writes well
...
HE/SHE
Avoid this construction
...
HEALTHY
possessing good health
healthy individual
HEALTHFUL
bringing about good health
healthful climate
IN
place or position
in the heart
INTO
action toward
into the box
ITS
possessive meaning A belonging to it"
Its nose is cold
...
LEAD
noun: a metal
Pipes are made of lead
...
LEARN
to acquire knowledge
He learned fast
...
to recline
present: The cat lies down
...
past: The cat lay down
...
LAY
to put down
present: The player lays his dice down
...
past: The player laid his dice down
...
LOOSE
Adjective: free and unattached
The dog was loose
...
OF
"Of"' is not a substitute for "'ve
...
MAN
Use neutral terms
...
PERSONAL
adj
...
PERSONNEL
noun: people employed in a business or
Attention, all personnel!
the military
PRINCIPLE
noun: rule, general truth
Religion teaches important principles
...
PRINCIPAL
noun: main teacher
The principal of the school is very strict
...
REALLY
adverb: actually
Did it really happen?
STATIONARY
staying in one place
The satellite appeared stationary
...
THAN
conjunction: comparisons
New York is bigger than Boston
...
TO
preposition
Give the knife to him
...
TOO
adverb
She wears too much make-up
...
WHICH
refers only to things
Here is the pen which you need
...
THEIR
belonging to them
Their house is new
...
THERE
in that place
There is the page
...
with a modifier such as "very", "most")
WEATHER
atmospheric conditions
The weather was foul
...
?
WOMAN
singular noun
a woman
WOMEN
plural noun
three women
YOUR
possessive "belonging to you"
Your coat is here
...
16
Metric Weights and Measures
A millimicron is one thousandth of one millionth of one meter
...
For example, 10 decimeters make a meter (39
...
Units smaller than a meter have Latin prefixes:
Deci- means 10; 10 decimeters make a meter
...
Milli- means 1,000; 1,000 millimeters make a meter
...
Hecto- means 100; a hectometer is 100 meters
...
Helpful Hints
Remember: A meter is a little more than a yard
...
A liter is a little more than a quart
...
1 Meter
Centimeter (cm)
0
...
001 Meters
CapacityUnit
Value
Kiloliter (kl)
1,000 Liters
Hectoliters (hl)
100 Liters
Dekaliters (dal)
10 Liters
Liter (l)
1 Liter(*)
Deciliter (dl)
0
...
01 Liters
Milliliter (ml)
0
...
S
...
057 quarts
Mass and WeightUnit Value
Metric Ton
1,000,000 Grams
Quintal (P)
100,000 Grams
Myriagram
10,000 Grams
Kilogram
1,000 Grams
Hectogram
100 Grams
Dekagram
10 Grams
Gram
1 Gram(*)
Decigram
0
...
01 Grams
Milligrams
0
...
S
...
035 ounce
Linear Measure
12 inches (in
...
)
3 feet =
1 yard (yd)
51/2 yards =
1 rod (rd), pole, or perch (161/2 ft
...
8 furlongs =
1 statute mile (mi
...
3 land miles =
1 league
5,280 feet =
1 statute or land mile
6,076
...
9 square feet =
1 sq yd = 1,296 sq in
...
160 square rods =
1 acre = 4,840 sq yds = 43,560 sq ft
...
1 mile square =
1 section (of land)
6 miles square =
1 township = 36 sections = 36 sq mi
...
4 gills (gi) =
1 pint (pt) (= 28
...
)
2 pints =
1 quart (qt) (= 57
...
)
4 quarts =
1 gallon (gal) (= 231 cu in
...
You can find it by dividing the distance covered by the time it takes to travel that distance
...
Light travels through space at 186,000 miles per second
...
88 trillion miles a year in space
...
*Horsepower: A workhorse can lift 550 pounds 1 foot in the air in 1 second; that is 1 horsepower
...
A 10-horsepower engine can do the work of ten horses
...
*Candlepower: The amount of light given off by a candle of a specific size, shape, type of tallow, and type of wick
...
*Megaton: A megaton is the blasting power of a hydrogen bomb
...
The History of the Internet
The Internet began like most things in our society, that is to say that the government started it
...
Doug Engelbart prototypes an "Online System" (NLS) which does hypertext browsing
editing, email, and so on
...
In 1973, the U
...
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate
techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds
...
This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks, which emerged from the
research, was known as the "Internet
...
He helped bring it
to our national attention that he invented the Internet
...
Since the early sixties, when Al Gore was still in high school, the development of networking technology had
already started
...
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before
...
The Internet is a computer application that
connects tens of thousands of interconnected computer networks that include 1
...
The
basis of connecting all these computers together is by the use of ordinary telephone wires
...
The connection conveniently includes unlimited access to
over a million web sites twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week
...
Connecting to the Internet cost the taxpayer little or nothing, since each node was independent, and
had to handle its own financing and its own technical requirements
...
Last year the Internet was growing at a rate of twenty percent a month
...
The
Internet allows people to express their views even if there in a country where freedom of speech is not a right they have
...
The pornography business on the Internet is the largest and fastest growing part of E-Commerce
...
The most popular features of the Internet
include electronic mail, discussion, on-line conversations, adventure and role-playing games, information retrieval, and electronic
commerce are all the good things the Internet provides Internet users with
...
Today, the
number one technique of tying business into technology would be the use of the Internet
...
The Internet can help businesses in a number of
extraordinary ways
...
Say a
person hears about a product that your business produces and would like to know more information about that product
...
Included
in the web sites found, there could be many documents, pictures, small movie flicks, and question and answer sections available
...
A business can be very pleased with
the amount of information they can readily have available to publish to the entire world
...
But as we cannot do that, I
shall only give you a short account of my early work about radium
...
We must go back to the year 1897
...
I was engaged in some work on uranium rays which had been discovered
two years before by Professor Becquerel
...
So I took up a work about all
known elements, and their compounds and found that uranium compounds are active and also all thorium compounds, but other
elements were not found active, nor were their compounds
...
The more uranium or thorium, the greater the activity, the activity being an atomic property of the elements, uranium and
thorium
...
But then the activity was not what I could expect, it was greater than for uranium or thorium compounds like the
oxides which are almost entirely composed of these elements
...
And I wanted to find and to separate that element, and I
settled to that work with Professor Curie
...
It took many
years of hard work to finish that task
...
But the most important is radium, which could be separated
in a pure state
...
And the effects of the rays make the radium so important
...
These effects may be
used for the cure of several diseases
...
What is considered particularly important is
the treatment of cancer
...
But we must not forget that when radium was
discovered no one knew that it would prove useful in hospitals
...
And this is a proof that
scientific work must not be considered from the point of view of the direct usefulness of it
...
The
scientific history of radium is beautiful
...
We know that particles are
expelled from radium with a very great velocity near to that of the light
...
And in that way it has been proved that the radioactive elements
are constantly disintegrating and that they produce at the end ordinary elements, principally helium and lead
...
19
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology, the creation and use of materials or devices at extremely small scales
...
One nm is equal to one-billionth of a meter (
...
Scientists refer to the dimensional range of 1 to 100 nm as the nanoscale, and materials
at this scale are called nanocrystals or nanomaterials
...
It is also unique because many of the
mechanisms of the biological and physical world operate on length scales from 0
...
At these dimensions materials
exhibit different physical properties; thus scientists expect that many novel effects at the nanoscale will be discovered and used for
breakthrough technologies
...
These developments are found in
products used throughout the world
...
Still, many scientists, engineers, and technologists believe they have only scratched the surface of
nanotechnology‘s potential
...
Many scientists believe it can be said with confidence, however, that nanotechnology will have a
major impact on medicine and health care; energy production and conservation; environmental cleanup and protection; electronics,
computers, and sensors; and world security and defense
...
The hydrogen
atom, one of the smallest naturally occurring atoms, is only 0
...
In fact, nearly all atoms are roughly 0
...
Atoms bond together to form molecules, the smallest part of a chemical compound
...
Molecules, in turn, compose cells, the basic units of life
...
However, the proteins that carry
out the internal operations of the cell are just 3 to 20 nm in size and so have nanoscale dimensions
...
The possibility of building new materials and devices that operate at the same scale as the basic functions of nature
explains why so much attention is being devoted to the world below 100 nm
...
This
is the length at which special properties have been observed in materials—properties that are profoundly different at the nanoscale
...
Glassworkers in the Middle Ages, for example, knew that by breaking down gold into extremely small particles and
sprinkling these fine particles into glass the gold would change in color from yellow to blue or green or red, depending on the size
of the particle
...
These glassworkers did not realize it at the time, but they had created gold
nanocrystals
...
Nanotechnologists are intrigued by the possibility of creating human made devices at the molecular, or nanoscale, level
...
Some nanotechnologists are also aiming for these devices to
self-replicate—that is, to simultaneously carry out their function and increase their number, just as living organisms do
...
If tiny functional units could be assembled at the
molecular level and made to self-replicate under controlled conditions, tremendous efficiencies could be realized
...
TECHNOLOGY VOCABULARY
Ability
Advances
Applications
Businesses
Accounting
Analysis
Architects
Called
Addition
Analysts
Area
Carpal
Adequate
Analyze
Arise
Carriers
Administrators
Annual
Associate
Certification
20
Applicant
Background
Chapter
Chief
Competitive
Consultants
Cyber
Demand
Development
Employing
Expertise
Functions
Increase
Integrate
Laboratories
Level
Maintenance
Monitor
Offices
Problem
Programmers
Prospects
Relevant
Rounded
Security
Sophisticated
Staff
System
Technologies
Training
Users
Workers
Code
Computer
Consulting
Data
Design
Discomfort
Engineering
Eyestrain
Goals
Injuries
Intranet
Language
Levels
Marketing
Nature
Offshore
Perform
Process
Programming
Provide
Remote
Sales
Services
Specialist
Statistics
Systems
Technology
Transfer
Variety
Workplace
Common
Communicate
Computers
Computing
Coordinate
Create
Database
Databases
Designers
Detailed
Discussion
Effectively
Engineers
Enterprises
Finance
Financial
Graduate
Hardware
Install
Institutions
Introductory
Involved
Languages
Latest
Locations
Lowest
Mathematics
Matrix
Network
Networking
Order
Organizations
Performance
Periods
Processing
Product
Project
Projections
Publishing
Rapid
Replace
Research
Science
Scientific
Simultaneously Site
Specialists
Specialized
Substantial
Sufficient
Tasks
Technical
Telecommunications
Typing
Uncommon
Vendors
Web
Wrist
Write
Communication
Concentrate
Customer
Deal
Determine
Efficiency
Environment
Firms
Hours
Instructions
Keyboard
Lead
Median
Networks
Outsourcing
Plan
Program
Projects
Rapidly
Resources
Scientists
Software
Specific
Support
Technicians
Title
Understanding
Webmasters
Communications
Considerable
Customers
Decline
Developers
Electronic
Equipment
Force
Implementation
Insurance
Knowledge
Leadership
Maintain
Mobile
Officer
Oversee
Prevailing
Programmer
Promoted
Reduce
Respond
Section
Solving
Spend
Syndrome
Technological
Tools
User
Wireless
How to Make and Use an Essay Outline
An essay outline is probably the most important friend you will have while writing your essay
...
It is the framework by which you will write a killer essay
...
When you begin writing an essay outline, use the following model as a guide:
I
...
II
...
Detail 1:____________________________________________________
...
Detail 3:____________________________________________________
...
BODY PARAGRAPH II:
Transition/Opening Sentence:_________________________________
...
Detail 2:____________________________________________________
...
IV
...
Detail 1:___________________________________________________
...
Detail 3:____________________________________________________
...
BODY PARAGRAPH IV:
Transition/Opening Sentence:_________________________________
...
Detail 2:____________________________________________________
...
VI
...
Transition-sentences bring out the logical relation between ideas
...
Words like ‗however‘, ‗so‘, ‗additionally‘ do indicate a logical relation between paragraphs, but
they are weak
...
A transitional sentence leads your reader from one paragraph to the next
...
Stronger transition: While conflict between morality and sympathy can occur in the context of a single cultural code, it more
often arises in cross-cultural conflicts
...
It is this genuine caring, not your games
with language, which will be the most compelling and seductive element in your style
...
If you know the steps and
understand what to do, writing can be easy and even fun
...
Links to
the writing steps are found on the left, and additional writing resources are located across the top
...
Brief Overview of the 10 Essay Writing Steps
Below are brief summaries of each of the ten steps to writing an essay
...
How To Write an Essay can be viewed sequentially, as if
going through ten sequential steps in an essay writing process, or can be explored by individual topic
...
Research: Begin the essay writing process by researching your topic, making yourself an expert
...
Take notes and immerse yourself in the words of great thinkers
...
Analysis: Now that you have a good knowledge base, start analyzing the arguments of the essays you're reading
...
Look for weaknesses of logic, and also strengths
...
3
...
Ask yourself a dozen questions
and answer them
...
Take walks and think and think until you come up with original insights to
write about
...
Thesis: Pick your best idea and pin it down in a clear assertion that you can write your entire essay around
...
It's practically impossible to
write a good essay without a clear thesis
...
Outline: Sketch out your essay before straightway writing it out
...
Play with the essay's order
...
6
...
The introduction should grab the reader's attention, set up the issue, and lead in
to your thesis
...
(Note: The title and first paragraph are probably the most important elements in your essay
...
In the first paragraph you either hook the reader's interest or lose it
...
)
7
...
Begin paragraphs with topic
sentences, support assertions with evidence, and expound your ideas in the clearest, most sensible way you can
...
In other words, instead of writing the essay, try talking the essay
...
Conclusion: Gracefully exit your essay by making a quick wrap-up sentence, and then end on some memorable thought, perhaps
a quotation, or an interesting twist of logic, or some call to action
...
9
...
All borrowed ideas and quotations should be correctly cited
in the body of your text, followed up with a Works Cited (references) page listing the details of your sources
...
Language: You're not done writing your essay until you've polished your language by correcting the grammar, making
sentences flow, and making other intuitive edits
...
Writing an essay can be
tedious, but you don't want to bungle the hours of conceptual work you've put into writing your essay by leaving a few
misspellings and poorly worded phrases
...
Why does it sounds so
important? It is simply because a good essay usually derived from a proper planned what-to-be-narrated outline or draft
...
Elements in designing the layout of an essay
It is very important to design a layout prior to start writing
...
The following is the common elements in an essay layout, listed according to the proper appearance in a common essay:
Introduction
This is the part where first impression to readers is made
...
There are various methods on how to do this
though, depend on the type of essay to write and styles to be applied
...
In other words, it is like giving the whole idea of the
essay in a much simpler term
...
If the essay has objectives or aims to be
accomplished, it is better to include them in this part
...
Generally, it is applied in
academic writing and can be found in almost all literature review example
...
Each point has to be elaborated in separate paragraph, which means
there could be more than one paragraph in this part
...
An appropriate flow of the ideas is significant and it could
be messed up just by misplacing the order of appearance in the essay
...
It should be noted that the main message is different from the main points elaborated earlier in the body part
...
Normally, introduction and conclusion should be written in one paragraph only, so that it would be easy to be recognized
apart from other segment of the essay
...
This is why an essay should have a prior designed essay layout so that the author can make necessary
arrangement in order to meet these conditions
...
24
How to avoid silence in English conversations
Sometimes you don't know what to say in a conversation
...
Or perhaps there isn't anything left to say! In all these situations, it's important to avoid being silent,
so here are some words and expressions to use
...
"
"Sorry, could you repeat that?"
"Sorry? I didn't get that
...
"Well…"
"OK…"
"So…"
You can even make some "noises"
"Hmmm…"
"Uh-huh"
"Umm…"
To agree with the other person
You want to show that you agree, but you don't have anything else to say
...
"
"Right
...
"Anyway,…"
"Well, as I was saying…"
"So, back to …"
"So, we were saying …"
4-English greetings
The first impressions are important, so here's a guide to using the right expression
...
Then they often ask a general question, such as "How are you?" or "How are things?" or
"How's life?"
The reply to this question is normally positive
...
" Or "Can't complain
...
"
The other person normally replies with the same greeting as you have used and then makes polite conversation, such as "How was
your trip?" or "Did you find our office easily?"
5-Introducing yourself and others
At an informal party
"Hello, I'm Maria
...
"
The reply could be:
"Hi, I'm Sarah
...
" Or "Nice to meet you, I'm Sarah
...
I'm Maria, from english@home
...
I'm Maria from english@home
...
I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations
...
I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations
...
"
Introducing other people
Introducing a friend to a work colleague
"Sarah, have you met my colleague John?"
"Sarah, I'd like you to meet my colleague John
...
" Or "Nice to meet you, John
...
" Or "Hello, Sarah
...
"
Mr Mitchell could then say:
"How do you do?" and Henry Lewis also says "How do you do?"
Or Mr Mitchell could say:
"Pleased to meet you
...
"
Speaking Tip
"How do you do?" is quite formal for British English speakers and the reply to this question is to repeat the phrase, "How do you
do?" (as strange as that may sound!)
At a more informal party
When you introduce two of your friends to each other, you can simply say, "John, this is Sarah
...
It's polite to address them as Mr / Ms until the
situation becomes more informal
...
If someone uses your first name, you can use their
first name too
...
* Don't forget to smile! :-
Saying dates and numbers in English
Dates
We can say dates either with the day before the month, or the month before the day:
The first of January / January the first
...
(The first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the twenty-second, the thirty-first etc
...
5% = one point five percent
0
...
4 (a number) = nought point four / zero point four
0C (temperature) = zero degrees
Talking about calculations
+ (plus)
2 + 1 = 3 (two plus one equals three)
- (minus / take away)
5 – 3 = 2 (five minus three equals two / five take away three equals two)
x (multiplied by / times)
2 x 3 = 6 (two multiplied by three equals six / two times three equals six)
/ (divided by)
6 / 3 = 2 (six divided by three equals two)
Conversation Starters
Everyday Idioms
Time Idioms
Colour idioms
black and white
black out
black out
thinking of everything or judging everything in a
simple way and seeing it as either good or bad
The situation isn't as black and white as it seems; it's
much more complicated
...
to lose consciousness
27
blue in the face
Green
green with envy
He blacked out after standing up for three hours in
the parade
...
to be very angry or upset; to be excited and very
emotional
She argued with her husband until she was blue in
the face but he wouldn't see her point of view
...
He
doesn't realize he has to do it himself
...
in the red
to have debts
The company has been in the red for two years now
...
red tape
excessive bureaucracy
Many businesses complain about the amount of red
tape that they must deal with in former Eastern-bloc
countries
...
No one expected it at all
...
Who's calling, please?
Introducing yourself
This is Paul Smith speaking
...
Asking for someone
Could I speak to John Martin, please?
I'd like to speak to John Martin, please
...
I'm sorry, he's in a meeting at the moment
...
Putting someone on hold
Just a moment, please
...
28
Problems
I'm sorry, I don't understand
...
Could you speak up a
little, please?
I'm afraid you've got the wrong number
...
Could you spell that, please?
Putting someone through
One moment, please
...
I'll put you through
...
I'm connecting you now
...
Talking about the weather
It's true! British people often start a conversation with strangers and friends by talking about the weather
...
Some examples of conversation starters in English
"Lovely day, isn't it!"
"Bit nippy today
...
"
Attitude to weather
Although British people like to complain about bad weather, they generally put a brave face on it
...
"
If someone complains that it's too hot, you could hear:
"At least my tomatoes will be happy
...
They've had terrible flooding
...
"
"It's going to rain by the looks of it
...
"
"They're expecting snow in the north
...
"
Human attributes
We also attribute human features to the weather, almost as if the weather can decide what to do:
"The sun's trying to come out
...
"
"It's finally decided to rain
...
Here are some of the weather features
which can worry gardeners:
a hard frost
blizzard / gale force conditions
hailstones
prolonged rain
blustery wind
a drought
Here are some English words for more temperate conditions which gardeners like:
mild weather
sunny spells
light drizzle
Ways to describe friendship in English
From best friend to deadliest enemy, and all the variations between
...
BFF (best friends forever)
best mate = your best friend
...
to be really close to someone = be good friends with
pal = friend (UK slang)
buddy (best buddy) = friend (mainly US English)
to go back years = to know someone for a long time: "Steve and I go back years
...
"
a friend of the family / a family friend = someone close to your family: "John was an old family friend
...
"
More casual friendships
penpal / epal = someone you know from corresponding / writing: "Find a penpal on our Penpals forum!"
someone you know from work (or another interest group): "Andy? Oh, he's someone I know from work
...
casual acquaintance = someone you don't know very well: "She's just a casual acquaintance of mine
...
"Dave's a friend of a friend
...
"
Mates
classmate = someone in your class at school
...
"
fair-weather friend = a friend who's never around when you need help: "She's only a fair-weather friend
...
Other expressions
strike up a friendship with = make friends with someone
be no friend of = not like someone / something: "I'm no friend of his!"
have friends in high places = know important / influential people: "Be careful what you say
...
"
30