Notesale: Turn your study into money

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9/30/14
VIDEO
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Deaf schools are just quieter
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Some Deaf people don’t like music
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26, 1785 in La Balm-les Grottes, France
-fell out of high chair and landed in fireplace; burn-scar-name sign
-became deaf shortly after accident
-parents tried a variety of methods to restore his hearing
-as a child, he didn’t go to school, didn’t learn to read and write, he had no formal language

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Laurent’s family background
-For many generations, various males in his family worked for the King
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*His instructor struck him under the chin and he bit his tongue
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*This experience influenced his belief that sign language was the best method to use w/
Deaf students
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Henry Clay
sponsored a bill and gave 23,000 acres of land which they sold for $300,000 to raise money to
build their school
-more Deaf students enrolled in their school, ages 10 to 50



Clerc’s Involvement in Education
-Laurent taught for 50 years
*students, teachers, administrators
-used French signs but his students blended those signs with their own, thus creating ASL
*i
...


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Most Deaf parents have children who can hear and vice-versa

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Most had little communication with other Deaf people in the earlier years



Alexander Graham Bell’s mother and wife were both Deaf
*against people learning to sign; believed it marked them as different and kept them in
the lower classes
*didn’t see the expansion of a Deaf community as a good thing; tried to keep them from
marrying each other



Would be punished if they signed in class; hands would be tied—had to read lips and talk

10/16/14
POWERPOINT
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The Communication Spectrum
-Spoken English- CUED speech- SEE 1- SEE 2- Signed English- PSE- ASL

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CUED speech

-cueing a listener to English phonemes that are spoken
-1% of D/HH
-invented by a hearing man, Orin Cornett in 1966
-4 vowel positions in the mouth and neck area
-8 handshapes
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Seeing Essential English (SEE 1)
-invented by David Anthony, a deaf instructor at the Michigan School for the Deaf in 1966
-system is based on word parts
*butterfly= butter + fly
*carpet= car + pet
*laptop= lap + top
*workout= work + out

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Signing Exact English (SEE 2)
-invented by a Gallaudet University professor of education, Gerilee Gustason
-1969
-most widely used MCE system today
-65% signs from ASL
-Many public and private schools: Olathe, Wichita, Sedalia Kansas, Omaha, Nebraska

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Additions
-Word endings
*Ed
*Ing
*Affixes
-Affix is added in signs if it is added in speech or writing
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-Some foreign languages (i
...
, Spanish) have been well established in the U
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-English originated in a different country yet is the language of people in Canada and the U
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

ASL Phonology
-ASL Phonology:
*Hand shape
*Location
*Movement
*Palm orientation
-Comparing English and ASL phonology
*In English, sound parts called phonemes
...


*ASL phonemes are simultaneous but can be sequential (movements and holds-white:
hold, move, hold)


ASL Morphology
-A morpheme is the smallest unit of language
...
Subject and verb are combined- give, tell
*2
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Classifiers representing nouns are combined with movement

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How does ASL show grammatical information?
-Non-manual Signals (Facial expression, body posture, gestures)
*questions
*negatives
*adverbial information



Languages can be related to each other
-romance languages have similarities
-some language similarities are the result of historical events (i
...
, English and French have some
similarities as a result of the Norman Invasion)
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-One language can influence another language
*ASL loan signs (bus, back)

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Languages change over time
-English
*Slang influenced by events in time
*technological advances
-ASL
*events in time
-Signs (i
...
money, technology)

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3 Major Modalities of a language
-Spoken

*primary: directly represent concepts
-Written
*primary
*secondary: represents the spoken language
-Signed
*Secondary: represents English (manually coded English)
*Primary: unrelated to spoken language (happens naturally)
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The modality of ASL
-It is a signed language
...

-Can it be written?
*Sign writing
*Gloss (English translation of ASL)
*Many non-western cultures also have oral traditions (Greek and Balkan epic poetry

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ASL: A feature that distinguishes Deaf culture from other cultures
-3 roles of language:
*assists members developing a connection, sense of belonging
*a means of interacting with others
*resource for cultural knowledge
-learn the values of the culture
-learn the customs of the culture
-source of information

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History of ASL
-The early history of sign language was poorly documented
-17th century: Martha’s Vineyard (1 in every 155 people were born deaf, higher for some areas of
the island)
-18th century France
*Pierre Deloges wrote a book describing the sign language that deaf individuals used by
Deaf Parisians
*Abbe de l’Epee used sign language to teach Deaf children (although he modified FSL to
become methodical signs to incorporate aspects of French grammar);

-19th century America
*Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet convinced Laurent Clerc to come to America to help him
build a school for the Deaf
...
William Stoke
-An English professor at Gallaudet
-Worked to identify and document the linguistic and grammatical features of ASL
-Today researchers to continue to conduct research on ASL

11/4/14

POWERPOINT


What is oppression?
-The majority group defines “normalcy”

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More on oppression
-members of the majority cannot believe that a rational person would reject attempts to help
make them “normal (i
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oral communication, cochlear implants)
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*They do not trust the abilities of the minority group so majority members will take
control
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

Oppression continued
-The majority group resents any attempts on part of the oppressed group toward liberation or
equality (i
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DPN)
-Psychological consequences of oppression:
*Deaf individuals suffer from diminished self-confidence
*Some deaf individuals may parrot beliefs of the majority group
...
”

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Audism: the notion that one is superior based on their ability to hear

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Often would get left out of family conversations
-would wonder why they were laughing and ask what was going on; would get told they’d be
told later, but they’d never get told

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To hearing families, having a deaf child can be devastating

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When religion failed to cure deaf people, people turned to medicine and science
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-The Least Restrictive provision of IDEA is often viewed as the most destructive law in the
history of Deaf Education
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11/18/14
POWERPOINT
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Challenges of Literacy
-Not having a strong language foundation at all
*no good language role models
*don’t have access to communication in home or school
-parents don’t sign
-interpreters/teachers don’t have skills of communication; don’t help child
-friends/peers can’t sign or not fluent
*no background knowledge that’s necessary to comprehend what they read

12/4/14
POWERPOINT
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Cultural and linguistic minority perspective
-Deaf people are not sad to be deaf
-They believe sign lang
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-It can serve as a bridge to learning English
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-Some parents want their child to be a part of the hearing culture

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What does a hearing aid do?
-amplifies sound
-various sizes, new hearing aids are now digital
-no surgery is required, doesn’t damage exiting hearing
-cost is approximately $2000 per hearing aid
-parts of a hearing aid include a microphone, amplifier, and battery

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What does a cochlear implant do?

-sound goes to a speech processor which is translated to a special code that is sent to the interior
implant
-which sends electrical impulses that stimulates the auditory nerves and is sent to the brain
-it impasses the damaged part of the ear
-only beneficial for severe to profound hearing loss
-cost is approximately $50,000
-surgery is about 3 hours
-one month later, mapping and activation
-follow up training
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Risks
-infection
-facial paralysis
-device breakdown
-long term electrical stimulation effect is unknown

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What is the medical community doing?
-cochlear implant is often seen as the only intervention
-many families are counseled not to sign
-Some CI centers will not consider implantation if the family continues to sign

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Reason #1 to promote sign language with cochlear implantation
-A cochlear implant is a technology to provide access to sound
-it is not a cure for deafness
-it does not mean that they can understand what they hear

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Remember
-it can’t be worn at all times
-it breaks
-batteries die
-it can get lost
-children may refuse to wear it
-children may refuse to wear it at all times
-internal devices fail

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Reason #2

-Many months of prime language learning passes before a child becomes eligible for an implant,
goes through the process of implantation, and has access to quality sound
-it is important to develop language as efficiently as possible as early as possible
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Research on signing language with babies
-early language (signed or spoken) can positively impact spoken language outcomes
-early sign lang
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Development, thinking and literacy
development
-the brain has the capacity to learn 2 languages from birth
-sign language has a positive impact on the early language development of hearing babies
*easier motor skill
*talk earlier
*gestures support spoken vocab

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