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Title: environmental issues
Description: you will find it in typed format,all about pollution,env.issues...
Description: you will find it in typed format,all about pollution,env.issues...
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Environmental Issues
Pollution is the undesirable change brought about by chemical, particulate
matter, or biological materials to air, water, or soil
...
●
Air pollutant is a substance that causes harm to the humans and other
living organisms
...
It can be controlled by the following
ways:
○
Fitting smokestacks and smelters, with
filters
to separate
pollutants from the harmless gases
○
Particulate matter can be removed by using an
electrostatic
precipitator
...
These electrons cling
on to dust particles and give them a net negative charge and are
attracted by collecting plates, which are grounded
...
○
A
scrubber
can be used to remove gases such as SO
wherein
2
the exhaust passes through a spray of water or lime
...
In 2002, all the buses were
switched to CNG in Delhi and this has indeed led to a fall in
pollution levels in the city
...
These catalysts carry out the following conversions:
Unburnt hydrocarbons 2
→ CO
and H
O
2
Carbon monoxide
→ Carbon dioxide
Nitric oxide
→ Nitrogen gas
Unleaded petrol
must be used with catalytic converters as presence of lead
in the petrol inactivates the catalyst
...
○
Without this phenomenon, the temperature of the earth would
become too cold for living beings to survive
...
) absorb the heat of
2
sun and the earth and emit it back to the earth’s surface
...
○
This cycle is repeated many times to maintain the earth’s
temperature to an optimum 15ºC
...
●
This has increased the overall temperature of the earth, resulting in
changes in the earth’s climate
...
6ºC
...
●
Greenhouse effect can be controlled by reducing the use of fossil fuels,
which produce greenhouse gases on burning, afforestation, efficient
energy usage, etc
...
●
Due to human activities, water bodies have become polluted all over
the world
...
Microorganisms involved in their degradation
consume a lot of oxygen and the BOD of the water body
increases leading to the death of fishes and other aquatic life
...
○
Industrial Effluents
− Industrial effluents contain inorganic
toxic substances, which may undergo
biomagnification
(increase in concentration of a toxin at successive trophic
levels)
...
For example, DDT and other
heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, etc
...
It eliminates the cold water species and promotes the
warm water species
...
●
Eutrophication
○
It is the ageing of a water body due to nutrient enrichment of its
water
...
○
The natural process takes thousands of years, but due to human
activities, this process has got accelerated (accelerated/cultural
eutrophication)
...
This results in the loss of indigenous flora and fauna
...
Control of Water Pollution
●
Raw sewage can be treated using biological and other means to
remove the solid, suspended, and inorganic materials before it is
released back into the environment
...
●
Integrated wastewater management
as practiced in Arcata,
California In this approach, the water is first treated by conventional
means such as filtration, sedimentation, and chlorine treatment,
followed by bioremediation
...
●
Open dumps used for disposing solid waste serves as breeding ground
for rats and flies
...
●
Biodegradable wastes can be either aerobically on anaerobically
broken down using microbes
...
●
Hospital wastes also contain hazardous materials, which have to be
disposed properly
...
●
Irreparable computers and other electronic goods make up ewastes,
which are either dumped in land fills or are incinerated
...
●
To use the plastic waste in an efficient way,
polyblend
, a fine powder
of recycled modified plastic, has been developed
...
Agrochemicals and Radioactive Wastes
Agrochemicals
●
The increased use of pesticides, fertilizers for increasing the produce
has led to eutrophication and biomagnifications in water sources
...
In this technique, instead of using chemical
fertilizers and pesticides, natural materials and techniques such as
organic manure (cow dung manure), compost, biological pest control,
and crop rotation are used
...
Radioactive Wastes
●
Nuclear energy is a nonpolluting energy except the threats posed by
accidental leakage and difficult disposal of radioactive waste
...
●
Radioactive wastes should be suitably pretreated in shielded
containers buried under rock surfaces about 500 m under the earth’s
surface
...
○
Soil erosion and desertification
− Overcultivation,
overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation techniques lead to
soil erosion and desertification
...
Ozone Depletion and Deforestation
Ozone Depletion
●
The ozone layer is found in the upper part of the stratosphere
...
High energy
UV rays break the bonds within the molecules such as DNA and
proteins
...
●
The ozone layer is getting depleted by the action of
chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) found in refrigerants and perfumes
...
●
The ozone depletion is particularly greater in Antarctica, resulting in
the formation of a large thinned ozone layer commonly known as
ozone hole
...
●
To check this ozone depletion, ontreal Protocol
M
was passed in 1987
to control the use of substances that cause ozone depletion
...
●
th
In the beginning of 20
century, India had 30% of its area under
th
forests, which was reduced to just 19
...
●
Deforestation is a result of a number of human activities such as
increased population and the demand for land
...
In this, trees are cut and
plant remains in the forest are burned since the ash acts as a fertilizer
...
●
Deforestation can be controlled by reforestation and afforestation
...
In this, support of local communities was
taken for conservation of forests and in return, the local people were
free to use the products obtained from the forests
Title: environmental issues
Description: you will find it in typed format,all about pollution,env.issues...
Description: you will find it in typed format,all about pollution,env.issues...