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Biochemistry
How to read a molecular formula:

C6H12O6

Formula for a compound will always be the same
(Law of Definite Proportions – J
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Insoluble: Does it dissolve???
This is a very important characteristic for biochemical
functionality!

Study of structure and function of biological
molecules is known as molecular biology
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Four most abundant elements in organisms: C, H, O, N
-small amounts of S and P
LONG AGO…
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Formed via hydrolysis, condensation and
polymerization reactions
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k
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nutrition
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- Animals are heterotrophs - they acquire food
via grazing and predation on plants and other
animals
HerbivoresCarnivoresOmnivoresWhat you eat is your diet…
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g
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g
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g
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g
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g
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cell
membranes and cytoplasm)
- Other proteins include antibodies and
enzymes
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k
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fats, oils, waxes, steroids
- Contain CHO
- Basic unit of fat = Triglyceride =
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- Insoluble in water
- Stores energy in adipose tissue
(a
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a
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g
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WATERPROOF!
- function as protective coating (e
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beeswax, earwax, waxy coating in plants
Steroids: Composed of 4 fused carbon rings
with functional groups attached
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)

-Cholesterol: made in the liver… it is a
structural component of nerve tissue, and a
precursor to steroid hormones
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are
the four main classes of biological molecules…
Nucleic Acids: Large, complex organic molecules
that store cellular information e
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DNA and RNAboth are polymers of nucleotides, composed of a
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
group

DNA: genetic material that determines the
characteristics of an organism and directs its cell
activities
RNA: stores and transfers information from
DNA that is essential for manufacturing proteins,
may also act as enzymes

Vitamins: Organic compounds that are needed in
tiny amounts by the body for proper metabolism (e
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Vit C prevents scurvy- pain in muscles and joints and
bleeding in gums- noted in sailors; Vit D prevents
rickets- softening and deformation of bones due to
lack of calcium and phosphate absorption)
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g
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Water: Metabolic reactions only take place in the
presence of water (if cells dry out, they die)
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Fiber:

- Non-digestible food which is excreted in
feces
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Also grain husks and brown rice
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- Ideal amount needed depends on age, gender,
and occupation
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Too many countries and people rely on carbs for food
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k
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animal fat) increases the
risk of heart disease
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Therefore, not enough blood and oxygen can travel
through!
Lack of O2 + possible blood clots = heart attack
Unsaturated fats (vegetable oils) do not cause heart
disease 
Fat leads to obesity and obesity is linked to heart
disease, strokes, diabetes, cancer, etc
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g
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g
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C)
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-Famine (weather)
-Economic issues (government shortfalls)
-Political issues (sanctions)



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