Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Chapters 17 & 18: The Enlightenment (The 1700's)
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Deism (Natural Religion): This is a new found religious perspective, considered unorthodox by the
Catholic Church and its followers, which caught attention beginning with Edward Herbert, inspiring this sort of
religious attitude in Europe and its colonies in the New World; this is known as the acceptance of a particular
“body” of religious insight that is harbored in each and every human being or that can be learned through the
use of proper reasoning and logical approach, ultimately meaning the rejection of religious teachings brought on
by the teachings put forth by the Catholic Church
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Laissez-Faire: Translated from French to mean “allow to do”, this is the economic system which
requires the utmost minimal government, political, or monarchical interference, when concerning the economic
policies and business ventures of the citizens and of society as a whole, as the role of the state government was
to enforce order and security and to avoid any means of interference with the individual citizen in pursuit of their
own desires and goals
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Natural Rights: These rights, derived from the thoughts of John Locke, are the God-given birth
rights that people are entitled to possess under natural law, which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of property;
maintaining that a human being enters into society with basic rights that no government can deny or revoke
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Mercantilism: This is the economic system in which promoted government regulation of a
nation’s economy for the purpose of expanding state power at the expense of enemy powers, believing that trade
balances must be favorable to the nation meaning an excess of exports over imports, as the nation's colonies in
the New World served as a prime market for exports and as suppliers of local raw materials to the mother
nation ,since all commerce between colony and mother country was at the profit of the nation, not the colonies
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Methodists are said to follow a highly spiritual Christian faith to Jesus Christ, the center of the
Church’s life and witness, and fulfill this by looking to biblical and theological teachings, to maintain the faith
put into Christ and His teachings
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K
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Original State of Nature: This idea was highly contemplated by great thinkers and Enlightenment
philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, as it is a situation without government involvement in
society, used in order to justify political authority in society
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" Locke had the
belief that people live under the law of nature, which, in the absence of government, they enforce themselves,
and that when government authorities violate the agreed upon laws, people end up reverting to a state without
government, but not without society, as the state of nature returns only with complete destruction of society,
through foreign invasion or similar catastrophes
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Philosoph: An 18th century individual of the Enlightenment, who believed in applying rationalism to
all aspects of life, commonly invoking religious beliefs and political opinions; these individuals made it their
life's mission to make the present world a better place that is enjoyed by all, instead of waiting it out to
experience happiness in the afterlife, as said by religious authorities
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Pietism (1700's): This religious reform movement started by Lutherans in the areas around Germany,
emphasizing a personal faith which challenged the original Lutheran church’s main focus on doctrine and
theology over Christian living and the teachings of the Bible; inspired by the written works of Philipp Jakob
Spener who placed emphasis instead on increased use of religious scripture and training of church authorities
that included piety and spiritual preaching rather than rationality
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Light
pastels, ivory white, and gold were the predominant colors of this artistic movement, and frequently used mirrors
to enhance the sense of open space, and the lightness of ornamentation
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Separation of Powers: This political belief put forth by Montesquieu, which pushed for a government
with three separate branches of government, so that each of the three branches would have the ability to keep the
other powers in check, separating the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government into different
branches
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Agricultural Revolution: This revolution was an increase in agricultural production in Britain due to a
major increase in labor and land productivity as agricultural output grew faster than the population over the
century as this increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of the European population thanks to
crop rotation; permitting the cultivation of light soils on enclosed farms and increased livestock numbers whose
manure added further to soil fertility
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The system of the
cottage industry helped to prepare England for the Industrial Revolution by majorly increasing the English
economy through the heightened growth of trade as the country became widely known globally for its highquality and low-cost exports, making for countries to want to trade with England
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Estates: 1st Estate: Clergy: owned approximately 10% of the land; paid no taxes
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3rd Estate: Middle Class peasants; city workers – vast
majority of the population; PAID TAXES to the government
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Junkers: A high-class member of the landowning aristocracy of Prussia as well as Germany, which,
held great political power provided by the German Empire, as they stood up for and greatly supported
conservative beliefs and approaches, support of the kings and monarchical rulers of the state, traditional military
ethics, and agricultural conservation and protection of natural resources
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Reason of State: This is the political motive for immediate governmental action acted upon the needs
and/or requirements of a political state, paying little to no regard to the individual rights or the moral codes
enacted for the protection of each and every individual human being in the society of the state
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This seven
year battle stemmed out of the attempt of the Habsburg attempt to win back the Silesia Province, but also
involved overseas battles between Great Britain and France over the New World colonies, which created a
colonial rivalry between the French and British colonies in the New World
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Frederick II of Prussia invaded due to a want to expand his political authority and land with
the help of the French to gain an upper-hand over Austria
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War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713): This was the war over the successor of Charles II, once he
had passed away, which would determine who would have the power over Spain, as Charles had selected Philip
V Bourbon to succeed him after his death, although this went against a previous agreement that he would be
succeeded by an aristocratic male of Austrian royalty; this stemmed an alliance of European powers with troops
who had fought against French and Spanish troops, then the Peace of Utrecht ended this war as France was
driven from the Spanish ruled Netherlands, and the rejection of crowns of the unity between the Spanish and
French royalty

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