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Centre: Kolej MARA Banting
Number of pages: 12
Research Question
What is the best proportion ratio of Ammonium and Nitrate that Abelmoschus esculentus
require in order to maximize its growth rate?

Introduction
Productive agriculture needs a large amount of expensive nitrogenous fertilizers
...
Nitrogen can be
assimilated in the form of nitrate and ammonium by plants
...
I tried to plant spinach before but it did not grow well
...
Knowing an appropriate ratio is
important, as both ammonium and nitrate ions are essential to provide effective amount of
nitrogen to plants
...
The reason why I choose Okra is because Okra has the shortest maturity period,
which is 2 months
...

Hypothesis
The higher the amount of nitrate added to the watering, the higher the growth rate of
Abelmoschus esculentus over a period of 56 days
...
Therefore, it can be predicted that the best ammonium
to nitrate ratio is 20% ammonium 80% nitrate to be added to plants watering to maximize the
growth rate
...
Nitrate can provide the essential nitrogen for the plant to
synthesis amino acid with the presence of sunlight
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Galitz

plants
...
5𝑚𝑙
1L Volumetric flask
±0
...
5 Liter emptied mineral water bottle
Digital balance
±0
...
1𝑚𝑙
Measuring tape
±0
...
1𝑔
Table 2: List of apparatus

Quantity
5
2
6
1
1
1
1
1

Variables
Unit
−

Independent
Variable

Ratio of
Ammonium to
Nitrate ions
added to soil

Dependent
variable

Growth rate of
Abelmoschus
esculentus

cm day-1

Constant

Mass of soil

g

Ways to control
Different ratio of Ammonium to
Nitrate ions are added to plant’s
watering which are Ammonium 20%:
80% Nitrate, Ammonium 40%: 60%
Nitrate, Ammonium 50%: 50% Nitrate,
Ammonium 60%: 40% Nitrate,
Ammonium 80%: 20% Nitrate, and
distilled water
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The change in
average height (Final height – initial
height) will be divided with 56 days to
get the rate in cm day-1
500g of soil is weighed using a

                                                                                                               
2

Response of Nitrate and Ammonium on Growth of Prosopis Velutina and Simmondsia Chinensis Seedlings by
Kathryn S
...
Schuch, Plant Sciences Department
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721

 

variable

used to plant the
seed
Volume of
plants watering

ml

Type of plant
uses in the
experiment
The intensity of
light exposed to
the plant

The plants are put on a shaded area
which light intensity is not too high
...

A proportion of 50% of peat and 50%
of clay is used to make the medium for
Abelmoschus esculentus to grow
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25 ml of plant’s watering is measured
using a syringe
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Abelmoschus esculentus seeds are used
in the experiments
...

Table 3: Shows the variables of the experiment which are independent variable, dependent
variable and constant variables

Methodology
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

6
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7
...

8
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This is to allow imbibitions of
water by the seedlings which will fasten the rate of germination
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Two seeds is planted in each polybags prepared in 1
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This is to ensure each polybags
will germinate
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10
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25%
NH3 solution has 25g of NH3 and 75g of H20
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5E4/18/75 = 18
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Dilution formula is used (C1V1=C2V2)
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518, C2=5,
V2=1000, and therefore V1= 270
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12
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13
...

14
...

15
...

16
...

17
...

18
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To make it simple,
100 ml of both sodium nitrate and ammonium hydroxide solutions are added to 500 ml of
distilled water
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19
...

20
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5ml mineral water bottle and labeled with
A20%N80%
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Step 19 and 20 is repeated with 40ml ammonium hydroxide and 60ml sodium nitrate
labeled A40%N60%, 50ml ammonium hydroxide and 50ml sodium nitrate labeled
A50%N50%, 60ml ammonium hydroxide and 40ml sodium nitrate labeled A60%N40%,
80ml ammonium hydroxide and 20ml sodium nitrate labeled A80%N20%, and constant
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Each plant is watered with 25 ml of their own treatment
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The same applied to all plant
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The height of Abelmoschus esculentus are measured using a string and measuring tape
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The measurement is taken every week for 8 weeks
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The raw data is recorded in tables in appendices
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The average height of 5 Abelmoschus esculentus (±0
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4 + 2
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2 + 2
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5
5

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =  2
...
The standard deviation of the average of 5 Abelmoschus esculentus is calculated using
the formula below :
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑  𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =  

Σ(x − x)!
𝑁

For example:
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑  𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=  

(2
...
4)! + (2
...
3)! + (2
...
2)! + (2
...
7)! + (2
...
5)!
5−1

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑  𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
...
The Rate of reaction is then calculated using the formula below :
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
=  

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒  𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛  𝑡ℎ𝑒  𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙  𝑎𝑛𝑑  𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙  𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒  ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡  𝑜𝑓  𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑠  𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑠  (𝑐𝑚)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙  𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒  𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛  (𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)
For example:
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ  𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 =  

26
...
4786  cm/day
4
...
3194 − 0
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4786
29
...
42

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒  𝑜𝑓  𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =  0
...
42
4
...
53
12
...
86
19
...
18
29
...
40
5
...
44
20
...
60
38
...
20
54
...
44
4
...
34
18
...
58
33
...
66
47
...
28
4
...
56
16
...
14
31
...
24
42
...
56
4
...
42
13
...
32
25
...
36
37
...
46
4
...
26
10
...
60
22
...
84
34
...
80±0
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4786±0
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54±0
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9382±0
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44±0
...
8114±0
...
10±0
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7161±0
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14±0
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6275±0
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76±0
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5671±0
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60  
50  
40  

Dis2lled  Water  
A20%:N80%  

30  

A40%:N60%  
A50%:N50%  

20  

A40%:N60%2  
A80%:N20%  

10  
0  
Week  1  Week  2  Week  3  Week  4  Week  5  Week  6  Week  7  Week  8   SD  
Time  (week)  

Line graph 1: Shows the average height progress of 5 Abelmochus esculentus throughout 8
weeks tested with different proportion of Ammonium to Nitrate

Growth rate of Abelmochus esculentus
over 8 weeks (cm/day)

1
...
8  
0
...
4  
0
...
It can be observed that the trends are consistent for each
ratio with 20% ammonium to 80% nitrate ratio being the highest over the course of the
experiment and the controlled plant samples being the shortest
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9382±0
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The higher nitrogen uptake efficiency
with nitrate, compared to ammonium, was clearly demonstrated
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Plants prefer to absorb nitrate as
a source of nitrogen than ammonium
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Nitrate is readily
available for plants to assimilate, as there is no need for further conversion unlike urea and
ammonium before the uptake
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Non-volatile
characteristic of nitrate make it also more convenient source for fertilizer
...
Besides, nitrate also promotes the absorption of other essential elements such

as potassium, calcium and magnesium synergistically
...
If
nitrate is applied to soil, acidification of soil will not happen therefore it is not harmful to
plant
...
Solar energy is requires for this process
to happen in the leaf
...
3
Meanwhile, ammonium is an inorganic ion
...
The conversion of inorganic ammonium happens in the roots
...
Carbohydrate is broken down to supply the energy for
this process
...
Plants that solely be given
with ammonium can be relate to lower glucose content in the roots
...
The presence of
ammonium ions in the soil can result in decline of pH value of the rhizosphere
...
4
Plants can store nitrate ions without require instant absorption, however for the plants
that specialize in roots, the absorption of nitrogen in the form of nitrate give no benefit for the
plants compare to nitrogen in the form of ammonium
...
This will cause mineral deficiencies
...
A control experiment
was carried out to observe the effect of not using any fertilizers on the plants
...
5
Mostly, plants require both the presence of ammonium and nitrate in the soil as the
source of nitrogen
...

                                                                                                               
3

Response of Nitrate and Ammonium on Growth of Prosopis Velutina and Simmondsia Chinensis Seedlings by
Kathryn S
...
Schuch, Plant Sciences Department
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
4
Response of Nitrate and Ammonium on Growth of Prosopis Velutina and Simmondsia Chinensis Seedlings by
Kathryn S
...
Schuch, Plant Sciences Department
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
5
Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive
agriculture by Céline Masclaux-Daubresse*, Françoise Daniel-Vedele, Julie Dechorgnat, Fabien Chardon, Laure
Gaufichon and Akira Suzuki, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) UMR 1318, INRA 78026 Versailles Cedex,
France

 

Limitations

Suggestions

The small relative size of the polybags may Use bigger polybags to enable the plants to
restrict the growth rate of the plants
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The plants were placed on a shady area Occasionally expose the plants by moving
therefore the plants might not received them under sunlight exposure for at least few
sufficient sunlight to promote maximum hours a day to ensure they receive sufficient
growth rate
...
To
avoid intense and excessive sunlight that
might kills the growing plants, the plats were
then placed at a shady area
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Best results in terms of growth rate were achieved when
80 % of the required nitrogen was applied as NO3- and 20 % as NH4+
...
With positive result
that support the hypothesis, therefore, the best proportion ratio of Ammonium to Nitrate that
Abelmoschus esculentus require in order to maximize its growth rate is 80% Nitrate to 20%
Ammonium
...
Galitz
Response of Nitrate and Ammonium on Growth of Prosopis Velutina and Simmondsia
Chinensis Seedlings by Kathryn S
...
Schuch, Plant Sciences Department
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
IPNI, Nitrogen Notes, Number 4, References from Broadbent, F
...
et al
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Hilgardia 27:
247-267
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D
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Report of Almond Board California
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4
2
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2
2
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5
1
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1
2
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8
2
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2
2
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4
2
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4
2
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5
2
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6
2
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3
2
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44
2
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5
8
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9
15
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0
25
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3
8
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8
15
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8
24
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1
8
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9
15
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1
25
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9
9
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5
16
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6
25
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7
8
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3
16
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4
25
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50
8
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08 15
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18 25
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0
28
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3
29
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4
29
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4
11
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9
29
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7
47
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7
12
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4
29
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1
48
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3
12
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8
30
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2
48
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9
12
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6
29
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6
48
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6
12
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4
29
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4
48
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78
12
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42 29
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20 48
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8
55
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0
54
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9
54
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7
10
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5
25
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4
42
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6
9
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4
23
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7
37
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8
10
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7
25
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6
42
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9
9
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7
23
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1
37
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7
10
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4
25
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0
42
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5
9
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5
23
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5
32
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9
10
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9
26
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1
41
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6
9
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5
23
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7
37
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4
10
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8
24
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6
39
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3
8
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5
22
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0
36
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70
10
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46 25
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14 41
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58
9
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32 23
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60 36
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3
42
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2
42
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7
42
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9
42
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3
41
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88
42
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0
2
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2
2
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5
2
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7
7
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2
19
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7
32
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8
7
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1
19
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7
32
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7
7
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1
19
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4
32
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9
7
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4
19
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2
31
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4
7
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9
18
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0
32
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70
7
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14 19
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40 32
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9
37
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6
38
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4
37
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9
2
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7
2
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2
2
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7
6
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2
17
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3
28
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8
6
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4
17
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6
29
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7
6
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9
16
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8
28
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9
6
...
7
18
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9
29
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4
6
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4
17
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0
28
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70
6
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32 17
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32 28
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8
33
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5
34
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9
34
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Some of the plants fed with 80% ammonium to 20% nitrate look stunted and there were
fallen leaves compare to plants that were fed with higher percentage of nitrate
...
However, the growth rate was still higher than the plants in the constant
experiment
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2
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