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FULL CONCEPT FOR C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Fundamentals 1 Development and Properties of C++ 2 Object-Oriented Programming 4 Developing a C++ Program 6 A Beginner’s C++ Program 8 Structure of Simple C++ Programs 10 Exercises 12 Solutions 14 Chapter 2 Fundamental Types, Constants, and Variables 15 Fundamental Types 16 Constants 22 Escape Sequences 26 Names 28 Variables 30 The Keywords const and volatile 32 Exercises 34 Solutions 36 contents Chapter 3 Using Functions and Classes 39 Declaring Functions 40 Function Calls 42 Type void for Functions 44 Header Files 46 Standard Header Files 48 Using Standard Classes 50 Exercises 52 Solutions 54 Chapter 4 Input and Output with Streams 57 Streams 58 Formatting and Manipulators 60 Formatted Output of Integers 62 Formatted Output of Floating-Point Numbers 64 Output in Fields 66 Output of Characters, Strings, and Boolean Values 68 Formatted Input 70 Formatted Input of Numbers 72 Unformatted Input/Output 74 Exercises 76 Solutions 78 Chapter 5 Operators for Fundamental Types 81 Binary Arithmetic Operators 82 Unary Arithmetic Operators 84 Assignments 86 Relational Operators 88 Logical Operators 90 Exercises 92 Solutions 94 Chapter 6 Control Flow 95 The while Statement 96 The for Statement 98 The do-while Statement 102 Selections with if-else 104 Else-if Chains 106 Conditional Expressions 108 Selecting with switch 110 Jumps with break, continue, and goto 112 Exercises 114 Solutions 116 xii ■ CONTENTS Chapter 7 Symbolic Constants and Macros 119 Macros 120 Macros with Parameters 122 Working with the #define Directive 124 Conditional Inclusion 126 Standard Macros for Character Manipulation 128 Redirecting Standard Input and Output 130 Exercises 132 Solutions 134 Chapter 8 Converting Arithmetic Types 139 Implicit Type Conversions 140 Performing Usual Arithmetic Type Conversions 142 Implicit Type Conversions in Assignments 144 More Type Conversions 146 Exercises 148 Solutions 150 Chapter 9 The Standard Class string 153 Defining and Assigning Strings 154 Concatenating Strings 156 Comparing Strings 158 Inserting and Erasing in Strings 160 Searching and Replacing in Strings 162 Accessing Characters in Strings 164 Exercises 166 Solutions 168 Chapter 10 Functions 171 Significance of Functions in C++ 172 Defining Functions 174 Return Value of Functions 176 Passing Arguments 178 Inline Functions 180 Default Arguments 182 Overloading Functions 184 Recursive Functions 186 Exercises 188 Solutions 191 Chapter 11 Storage Classes and Namespaces 197 Storage Classes of Objects 198 The Storage Class extern 200 CONTENTS ■ xiii The Storage Class static 202 The Specifiers auto and register 204 The Storage Classes of Functions 206 Namespaces 208 The Keyword using 210 Exercises 212 Solutions 216 Chapter 12 References and Pointers 221 Defining References 222 References as Parameters 224 References as Return Value 226 Expressions with Reference Type 228 Defining Pointers 230 The Indirection Operator 232 Pointers as Parameters 234 Exercises 236 Solutions 238 Chapter 13 Defining Classes 243 The Class Concept 244 Defining Classes 246 Defining Methods 248 Defining Objects 250 Using Objects 252 Pointers to Objects 254 Structs 256 Unions 258 Exercise 260 Solution 262 Chapter 14 Methods 265 Constructors 266 Constructor Calls 268 Destructors 270 Inline Methods 272 Access Methods 274 const Objects and Methods 276 Standard Methods 278 this Pointer 280 Passing Objects as Arguments 282 Returning Objects 284 Exercises 286 Solutions 290 xiv ■ CONTENTS Chapter 15 Member Objects and Static Members 297 Member Objects 298 Member Initializers 300 Constant Member Objects 302 Static Data Members 304 Accessing Static Data Members 306 Enumeration 308 Exercises 310 Solutions 314 Chapter 16 Arrays 321 Defining Arrays 322 Initializing Arrays 324 Arrays 326 Class Arrays 328 Multidimensional Arrays 330 Member Arrays 332 Exercises 334 Solutions 338 Chapter 17 Arrays and Pointers 349 Arrays and Pointers (1) 350 Arrays and Pointers (2) 352 Pointer Arithmetic 354 Arrays as Arguments 356 Pointer Versions of Functions 358 Read-Only Pointers 360 Returning Pointers 362 Arrays of Pointers 364 Command Line Arguments 366 Exercises 368 Solutions 372 Chapter 18 Fundamentals of File Input and Output 379 Files 380 File Streams 382 Creating File Streams 384 Open Modes 386 Closing Files 388 Reading and Writing Blocks 390 Object Persistence 392 Exercises 394 Solutions 398 CONTENTS ■ xv Chapter 19 Overloading Operators 411 Generals 412 Operator Functions (1) 414 Operator Functions (2) 416 Using Overloaded Operators 418 Global Operator Functions 420 Friend Functions 422 Friend Classes 424 Overloading Subscript Operators 426 Overloading Shift-Operators for I/O 428 Exercises 430 Solutions 432 Chapter 20 Type Conversion for Classes 441 Conversion Constructors 442 Conversion Functions 444 Ambiguities of Type Conversions 446 Exercise 448 Solution 450 Chapter 21 Dynamic Memory Allocation 453 The Operator new 454 The Operator delete 456 Dynamic Storage Allocation for Classes 458 Dynamic Storage Allocation for Arrays 460 Application: Linked Lists 462 Representing a Linked List 464 Exercises 466 Solutions 468 Chapter 22 Dynamic Members 477 Members of Varying Length 478 Classes with a Dynamic Member 480 Creating and Destroying Objects 482 Implementing Methods 484 Copy Constructor 486 Assignment 488 Exercises 490 Solutions 492 Chapter 23 Inheritance 499 Concept of Inheritance 500 Derived Classes 502 xvi ■ CONTENTS Members of Derived Classes 504 Member Access 506 Redefining Members 508 Constructing and Destroying Derived Classes 510 Objects of Derived Classes 512 Protected Members 514 Exercises 516 Solutions 520 Chapter 24 Type Conversion in Class Hierarchies 529 Converting to Base Classes 530 Type Conversions and Assignments 532 Converting References and Pointers 534 Explicit Type Conversions 536 Exercises 538 Solutions 540 Chapter 25 Polymorphism 543 Concept of Polymorphism 544 Virtual Methods 546 Destroying Dynamically Allocated Objects 548 Virtual Method Table 550 Dynamic Casts 552 Exercises 554 Solutions 558 Chapter 26 Abstract Classes 565 Pure Virtual Methods 566 Abstract and Concrete Classes 568 Pointers and References to Abstract Classes 570 Virtual Assignment 572 Application: Inhomogeneous Lists 574 Implementing an Inhomogeneous List 576 Exercises 578 Solutions 580 Chapter 27 Multiple Inheritance 587 Multiply-Derived Classes 588 Multiple Indirect Base Classes 590 Virtual Base Classes 592 Constructor Calls 594 Initializing Virtual Base Classes 596 Exercises 598 Solutions 602 CONTENTS ■ xvii Chapter 28 Exception Handling 607 Traditional Error Handling 608 Exception Handling 610 Exception Handlers 612 Throwing and Catching Exceptions 614 Nesting Exception Handling 616 Defining Your Own Error Classes 618 Standard Exception Classes 620 Exercises 622 Solutions 626 Chapter 29 More About Files 637 Opening a File for Random Access 638 Positioning for Random Access 640 File State 644 Exception Handling for Files 646 Persistence of Polymorphic Objects 648 Application: Index Files 652 Implementing an Index File 654 Exercises 656 Solutions 660 Chapter 30 More About Pointers 681 Pointer to Pointers 682 Variable Number of Arguments 684 Pointers to Functions 688 Complex Declarations 690 Defining Typenames 692 Application: Dynamic Matrices 694 Exercises 696 Solutions 698 Chapter 31 Manipulating Bits 705 Bitwise Operators 706 Bitwise Shift Operators 708 Bit Masks 710 Using Bit Masks 712 Bit-Fields 714 Exercises 716 Solutions 718 Chapter 32 Templates 721 Function and Class Templates 722 Defining Templates 724 xviii ■ CONTENTS Template Instantiation 726 Template Parameters 728 Template Arguments 730 Specialization 732 Default Arguments of Templates 734 Explicit Instantiation 736 Exercises 738 Solutions 742 Chapter 33 Containers 749 Container Types 750 Sequences 752 Iterators 754 Declaring Sequences 756 Inserting in Sequences 758 Accessing Objects 760 Length and Capacity 762 Deleting in Sequences 764 List Operations 766 Associative Containers 768 Sets and Multisets 770 Maps and Multimaps 772 Bitsets 774 Exercise 778 Solution 780