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Full Revision Note Book- Associate IEMA exam
1
...
1 Describe the main natural cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water) and
ecological systems (plants and animals and their interaction with non living
components)
...
5 million
cubic miles), between stores or reservoirs, within our environment
...
5 million cubic
miles 4% fresh 96% saline
...
075% of which is
a renewable resource and what 6
...

More than half of this is seasonally or geographically inaccessible so 0
...
The transfers betWEEn these reservoirs represent the physical
movement of water, driven by energy transfers
...


The physical processes of evaporation and condensation represent significant energy transfers
within our ecosystem, and in many areas of the world can dominate local climate
...

While these heavy downpours may be problematic in some areas due to their impact on the land,
such as severe erosion of soils, the global pattern of having a net movement of water from seas onto
land masses acts as a vital service to many areas
...


Liquid, ice and vapour

Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle is an ongoing process on Earth whereby the chemical forms of nitrogen change,
directly and indirectly fuelling much of the living organisms on Earth through plant nourishment in
the process
...
However, in this state its usability in nature is limited
...
This happens in several ways:
1) The massive energy of lightning strikes causing atmospheric nitrogen to react with oxygen to
form NO and NO2, which dissolve into raindrops to fall as nitric acid, contributing to the
nitrogen cycle
...
This happens in both ecologically independent bacteria as well as those involved in
symbiotic relationships
...
Those bacteria in symbiotic relationships such as Rhizobium live in root nodules
of legumes, providing the plants with ammonia in exchange for carbohydrates
...
Nitrates assimilated by plants eventually return to the soil when the
plant dies and decomposes, or when the plant is eaten by animals with excrete waste or themselves
die and decompose
...
This occurs when denitrifying soil
bacteria reduce nitrates back to nitrogen gas through their own anaerobic respiration, using nitrate
instead of oxygen
...
Because most plants are unable to make efficient
use of atmospheric nitrogen, nitrogen fixation and the nitrogen cycle are essential to life and the
amount of fixed nitrogen available to plants dictates how much growth they are capable of
...


Carbon Cycle
Biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere
...
Two of these transfers centre on the main processes undertaken by plants and
animals to sustain life, namely photosynthesis and respiration
...
This involves the transfer of carbon out
of carbon dioxide molecules in our atmosphere into sugars within plant cells, with an output of
oxygen molecules released back into the atmosphere as a result
...

In addition to these processes however, carbon may be transferred between reservoirs by many
other processes, including the deposition of organic material in the oceans and land, potentially
eventually forming sediments, geological formations and fossil fuel stores; as well as the natural
exchange of gasses between the oceans and overlying air
...
Anthropogenic uses of fossil fuels emit ever increasing quantities of greenhouse gases
into our atmosphere, affecting climate change
...
However, the continuing increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide output, particularly
since the industrial revolution, has also represented significant land use and land coverage changes
...


Phosphorus Cycle
The phosphorus cycle describes the progressive movement of phosphorus through the environment,
potentially involving numerous interactions with plants and animals, before eventually returning to
reservoir containing much of the phosphorus within our atmosphere, namely rock formations
...
These subsequently enter the food chain by plant uptake, which
in turn may either be consumed by animals, or may be returned to the water environment by plant
decay
...

Phosphorus represents an important micronutrient in biological systems, notably as a constituent of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy carrier associated with respiration; as well as the structure
of DNA
...
As such, many ecosystems are highly sensitive to any alterations in phosphorus
concentrations, and can easily be disrupted or become imbalanced if it is introduced at accelerated
rates
...

Phosphate is mined from rock formations, most commonly as calcium phosphate, and then used to

produce fertilisers designed to overcome the limiting nature of naturally occurring phosphorus
concentrations and increase crop yields
...


1
...

It also makes accessible sources such as water and also purifies it through the water
cycle
...
Biodiversity in itself brings versatility – ability to adapt to changing
conditions- because impacts effect some but not all species
...
3 Describe the main ecosystem services (supporting, provisioning and, regulating and
cultural services)
Humans benefit from a multitude of resources and processes that are supplied by eco system
services
...

Regulating- air-quality regulation, water regulation, climate regulation, disease regulation
Supporting- nutrient cycle, water recycling, crop pollination (valued at £430 million per year
to the UK by the national ecosystem assessment 2011), soil formation, primary production
Cultural – spiritual, recreational, tourism and educational- use of nature in religious
ceromnies- science and education

Ecosystem services are imperative for the existence of humanity, animals and plants
...

These services are taken for granted as they are seen as something which everyone is entitled to
...
The Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment released in 2005 by the UN has shifted eco system services into the agenda
of environmental professionals, policy and decision makers
...
Where they are not taken into account there is a
cumulative effect, degrading the environment
...
iema
...
4 Explain the importance of biodiversity and ecological stability *******
Biodiversity and ecological stability are vitally important to humanity, plants and animals
...
There is also a huge unseen
amount of small and microscopic forms of life that contribute to the vast bulk of processing in the
natural resource cycles of the planet
...
The mind set in the 19th century that nature was boundless and bountiful
were wrong as 150 years of industrialisation shows that resources are running out
...

Biodiversity is important for ecological stability as you want as many different species as possible if
there is disease which takes out a certain species then there is another species to fill this gap and
there would not be a gap in the food chain which would have a knock on effect up the food chain
...
5 Describe how human interventions impact upon natural cycles and ecological systems
Dr
...
He notes that this shows how substances flow through the natural world and
also to inform us about the potential modes of impact of substances when present in excessive
concentrations
...
Humans unlocking heavy metals from the environment is creating a hazard since evolution of
modern life has not evolved to cope with them
...
)
change the slow ‘trickle’ of phosphorus from geological processes to increased concentrations it
tends to accelerate productivity or unsettle the structure and functioning of ecosystems
...
30% of nitrogen fixing now
done artificially, meaning additional nitrates inputting into ecosystems
...

Organic molecules- Humans mobilising the large amounts of stored carbon in the lithosphere
threaten the functioning of the biosphere
...
Ecological systems cannot deal with occurrences
as evolution has not given them the tools to do this, any change in the flow immediately poses
hazards to organisms or ecological systems
...

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring shows this and the phenomenon is called bioaccumulation
...
6 Describe the main pollution sources, pathway and receptors
1
...

E
...
combustion emissions, dust, effluent discharges, leaks and spills, dumped or poorly
managed waste
2
...

e
...
– humans, neighbours, wider population, sensitive individuals/communities (“at risk”
receptors); natural and owned resources, including crops and livestock, wildlife (plants
and animals), conservation/sensitive species and habitats (“at risk” receptors), and
buildings and structures
3
...

E
...
atmosphere, water (rivers, lakes, aquifers, coasts, seas), and land (including surface and
underground contamination, and groundwater)
...
7 Describe the causes and effects of climate change
Main causes of climate change are the burning of fossil fuels and land use change
...
This has caused a greenhouse effect
and is therefore raising the temperature of the earth
...
2 to 2 percent of global income if temperature rise by 2
degrees and human security will be affected as war’s will be sparked through poverty and economic
shocks
...

These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit,
mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations
...
independent
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uk/environment/climate-change/ipcc-report-paints-bleak-pictureof-war-famine-and-pestilence-climate-change-is-happening-andno-one-in-the-world-is-immune9224777
...
8 Explain the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development
Dr
...
The Earth’s
ecosystem is a good example of this as it has evolved over billions of years to capture solar energy
and cycle this energy indefinitely
...
It marks the process of getting to a sustainable
state
...
"
Sustainable development is often broken down into the triple bottom line – Economic,
environmental and social sustainability which shows there needs to be a holistic approach to
sustainability for it to work
...


Learning outcome 2 – Understanding environmental policy issues

2
...

An environmental policy is a commitment to maintain, improve or make efforts to achieve a set
objective or target, often (but not always) within a time-frame, with the purpose of improving
environmental performance within society, businesses, government or others
...

Good Policy EG: UK Govt committed to 15% of UK energy demand coming from renewables by 2020
...
It means we reduce, reuse and recycle all we can” – uses an unrealistic and
potentially misleading numerical value in 'zero waste'
...

The Precautionary Principle
“Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall be
justification for postponing cost effective measures to prevent environmental degradation”
(European Commission)
...
It manages unknown risk where scientific uncertainty
combines with the potential for significant harm, either through cumulative effects or where the
impacts are over a large area or long period of time
...

The principle is used by policy makers to justify discretionary decisions in situations where there is
the possibility of harm from taking a particular course or making a certain decision when extensive
scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking
...
The
1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change - parties should tale precautionary measures to
anticipate, prevent or minimise the cause of climate change and mitigate its effects, AND where
there are threats of serious irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty SHOULD NOT be used
as a reason for postponing such measures
...

Allows action to prevent environmental damage rather than repairing after it has occurred
...
Prevention is cheaper,
easier and less risk that damage could occur to the environment
...

Examples: Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999 – purpose of the act is to make provision for
regulating or otherwise preventing or controlling emissions capable of causing pollution
...
This creates an incentive to produce less
waste in the first place
...

Essentially related to paying for the cost of pollution abatement in line with legal requirements
...
5 billion to pay for the clean-up of the
Gulf of Mexico oil spill
...

Application of the principle has been far from comprehensive and there have been numerous
disputes on the practical interpretation
...

The polluter pays principle underpins environmental policy such as an Eco tax, which, if enacted by
government,
• deters and essentially reduces greenhouse gas emissions
...

◦ U
...
Superfund law requires polluters to pay for clean-up of hazardous waste sites, when the
polluters can be identified
Polluter pays can also be known as extended producer responsibility (EPR)
...
[2] EPR
• seeks to shift the responsibility dealing with waste from governments (and thus, taxpayers and
society at large) to the entities producing it
...
SEE WEEE and ROHS directives
...
g
...


Avoidance vs Mitigation
Waste hierarchy- Reduce reuse recycle- Base on the EU Waste framework directive which underpins
the government national waste strategy
Avoidance or adverse impacts on habitats and species as a direct or indirect result of development
must always be the first consideration
...

Needs to be drawn from defensible evidence base
...

Ensure that residual impacts are within acceptable limits
...

The proximity principle
Treatment of waste should take place as near to the point of production as it is technically and
environmentally possible
...
Social equity in terms of local responsibility for local risk
...

Best available techniques (BAT)
Takes into account the balance between the costs and environmental benefits
Required to be considered (under EC Directive 96/61) in order to avoid or reduce emissions that
result from certain installations and to reduce environmental impacts as a whole
...


EC Directive definition – “the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and
their methods or operations which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for
providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent, and where that is not
practicable, generally to reduce emissions and the impact on the envi as a while”
...

The Directive requires the determination of BAT to consider the following – taking account costs and
advantages of measures and the principles of precaution and prevention
...

Use of less hazardous substances
...
g
...
The purpose of the Directive is to ensure a high level of protection of the environment taken
as a whole
...
To assist the licensing authorities and companies
to determine BAT, the Commission organises an exchange of information between experts from the
EU Member States, industry and environmental organisations
...
This results in the adoption and publication by the Commission of the BAT
Reference Documents (the so-called BREFs)
...

Gives financial incentives to design environmentally friendly products
...

Underlines European directives on packaging and packaging waste, Implemented by the WEEE
(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive, 2002/96/EC
In UK law it covers packaging, electrical and electronic equipment, batteries and vehicles
...

Example of this is the price for paint and tyres already including the cost for disposal due to it being a
hazardous waste material
...

Waste prevention program for England: Government intends to:
•
Help businesses understand and take advantage of the savings they can make by using
resources efficiently and preventing waste,
•
Make it easier for people to find out how to reduce their waste, and how to reuse items they
no longer want,
•
Help organisations and people to make the most of opportunities to save money by reducing
waste
Also making efforts to:
•
Improve the quality of recycling collected from homes and businesses,
•
Promote a stronger market for recycled materials - better quality materials will compete
better on the domestic and international markets, and attract higher and more stable prices,
By;
•
Consulting on material recovery facility code of practice regulations to improve
information and transparency on quality at material recovery facilities,
•
Publishing a quality action plan which includes actions for government and others in the
supply chain,
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
defines EPR as:
“a concept where manufacturers and importers of products should bear a significant degree of
responsibility for the environmental impacts of their products throughout the product lifecycle, including upstream impacts inherent in the selection of materials for the products,
impacts from manufacturers’ production process itself, and downstream impacts from the use
and disposal of the products
...
”
“Project Objectives: The OECD project on EPR takes a focused look at ways to minimise the municipal
waste stream by reducing or ending the traditional local-government subsidy, while transferring
substantial or complete financial responsibility to private sector enterprises for managing their
products also at the post-consumer phase “

Companies register as EEE producers through producer compliance schemes which ensure legal
obligations are met and obtain on the companies' behalf evidence of re-use, recovery and recycling
...

Practical company registering compliance scheme:
 Pay a registration fee,
 Tell the scheme the weight of EEE placed on the UK market each year,
 Tell scheme whether it is supplied for household or business use,
 Receive product registration number to give to anyone who distributes or sells product,
 Take advice from compliance scheme re funding cost of treating/recovering/disposing of products
 Mark products with EEE brand (crossed out wheel bin and brand name or producer ID)
Producers that don't comply are breaking the law and can be fined up to £5000 by a magistrate’s
court
...
Manufacture responsible for planning how a product can be
best produced, used and disposed with environmental issues in mind
...

Life cycle thinking
About assessing each stage of a product from cradle to grave and taking into account the triple
bottom line of environmental, social and economic impacts and trying to reduce them
...
Lifecycle thinking and lifecycle analysis refer to the
entire process of producing, using and disposing of the product, including the raw material extraction
works, processing of ores and materials, transport, manufacture, further transport, consumption,
reuse/recycling, and disposal
...
For
example, when ordering a pizza, people may not consider the energy required to produce, transport,
prepare and cook the ingredients, produce and transport packaging or the power used by the
producer in carrying out these processes, as well as the energy used in delivering the pizza
...
Some
seemingly simple processes tie together such an array of inputs that creating an objective figure for
the lifecycle would be either impossible or inefficient in time and cost
...


Fundamentally under the EU’s sustainable development strategy, however, the EC is introducing
legislation relating to lifecycle thinking, which includes:
Sustainable Production Action Plan by the EC in 2008 intends to reduce environmental impact and
use of resources throughout the life cycles of products, goods and services, ideas on how to do so
while incentivising the use of sustainable goods and BATs
...

The proposals complement policy instruments and provide measures where gaps exist
...
Refers to
'whole variety of tools, both voluntary and mandatory – that can be used to achieve this objective,
including economic instruments, substance bans, voluntary agreements, environmental labelling and
product design guidelines'
...
A rule
specifying strict liability makes a person legally responsible for the damage and loss caused by his or
her acts and omissions regardless of culpability
...
2 - Describe the main policy instruments available to effect change (fiscal,
legislative, market and voluntary instruments)
Methods used by governments to achieve a desired target or effect
...

Main Policy Instruments
Environmental policy instruments are the tools which are used by governments to implement
environmental policies
...
g
...

Fiscal and market based approaches
This is the use of taxation and spending to influence the economy
...

Market based instruments and fiscal mechanisms provide financial incentives and disincentives to
guide behaviour towards envi responsible activity, and mitigate undesirable activities, in an effort to
reduce damage to the envi
...

Fiscal instruments depend on regulators setting clear direction and rules, and then allowing markets
to achieve desired envi outcomes through price signals
...

Can optimise natural resource use –market based instruments and fiscal mechanisms can drive
natural resource use to the individual or business that provides the highest social and economic
value
...


Limitations
Can be unfair – green taxes can be regressive – applying market based instruments and fiscal
mechanisms to conserve natural resources
...

The market has no interest in the public’s well-being and is not democratic
...

Examples
Emission trading – allows regulated parties to trade emission responsibilities
...


-

Is now how the EU meets its Kyoto reduction targets
...


-

National governments set emissions targets at the installation level with each installation
given allowances representing their allowable emissions for each year of the scheme
...


-

Installations that emit more than their permitted target are required to either purchase
extra allowance from others, or pay a fine per ton of excess gas emitted
...


Product fees and taxes
Sets levies on potentially harmful products to influence purchasing habits and can provide funds for
recycling programmes- e
...
paint
 Resource use fees and charges – requires resource users to pay for each unit of resource
used
 Environmental subsidies – provides grants, low interest loans, loan guarantees or favourable
tax treatment to promote specific activities and behaviour
 Legal liability – requires parties causing environmental damage to compensate those
harmed (polluter pays principle)
 Landfill tax – introduced in 1996
o Seen as a key mechanism enabling to UK to meet its targets set out in the Landfill
Directive for the landfilling of biodegradable waste
o Standard rate for active waste - £72 per tonne
o Lower rate for inactive waste – £2
...
Many of the tools within this category are not usually
government-sponsored, although some do allow for government participation
...

Strengths




Environmental and conservation benefits include providing greater assurance for regulatory
compliance and advancing performance beyond regulatory requirements
...

Benefits for industries including maintaining a competitive edge, increasing market share,
boosting shareholder value and improving public image
...

Environmental performance is only enhanced by those willing to participate and abide by
voluntary initiatives
Voluntary stewardship and corporate environmental responsibility tools do not provide a
substitute for environmental policies
...


Examples






Environmental Management Systems
Corporate Social Responsibility
Green Procurement
Voluntary Corporate Reporting
Eco-Labelling

Legislative approaches
Requires gov agencies to restrict or direct the activities of regulated parties using terms and
conditions within statutory regulatory instruments, operating permits, licences approval or codes of
practise
...

Regulation highly dependent on deterrents and therefore needs to be effectively enforce to succeed
...
‘Do not do this otherwise this
will happen’
provides a degree of certainty for business planning
...

Disadvantages
Inhibit continuous improvement-parties do minimum that is required
Not best approach for dispersed pollution sources
Potential higher costs for regulated parties
Information intensive – burden is on the government on working out how best to protect the
environment
...

Can be rigid and not able to respond quickly
Can promote environmental irresponsibility e
...
reporting on at risk species
Costs to society from regulation is largely hidden
Example- Permits, planning- contamination part 2a
Renewables obligations
...
These obligations incentivise renewables with the use of ROC's
renewable obligation certificates:
The level of the annual obligation on electricity suppliers is published by 1 October in the year before
it comes into effect, e
...
the obligation for the financial year starting 1 April 2013 was published on
28 September 2012
...

•
Ofgem issues Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) to electricity generators relating to
the amount of eligible renewable electricity they generate
...

•
Suppliers present their ROCs to Ofgem to demonstrate their compliance with the RO
...

•
The money Ofgem collects in the buy-out and late payment funds is re-distributed on a prorata basis to suppliers who presented ROCs
...

Legislated disclosure programmes obligate companies to release positive and negative info or
provide info to regulatory agencies
...

Used extensively in US japan and European countries
...

CMA can deployed as- an alternative to regulation, to complement existing regulation, as a
precursor to regulations
Agreements are voluntary but once signed can be sanctioned
...
3 Describe the key environmental policies (policies in relation to natural
environment, water, waste, energy, low carbon and resources)

Water
European framework directive came into force in December 2000 and became U
...

Main thrust is to plan and deliver a better water environment focusing ecology through focusing on
river basin management planning
...

Through river basin management, it delivers an opportunity to plan and deliver an improved water
environment, based on the catchment area, as opposed to being designated according
to administrative or political boundaries
...
The overall aim is to establish
an integrated framework for the management of inland and coastal waters across the EU so that
issues of water availability and maintenance of water quality are considered as a whole
...

Environment Agency is the authority for water management and administers the Water frame work
directive
...

Ref- http://www
...
gov
...
aspx

Waste
177 million tonnes of waste every year in England are produced
2
...
This sets out the order of preference for action
to reduce and manage waste
...


EU waste strategy focuses on prevention and recycling of waste,
aiming to help Europe become a recycling society and to use waste
as a resource
...

The UK’s Waste Strategy for England and Wales (2007) defines the UK’s broad waste aims:






to reduce the amount of waste society produces,
to make the best use of any waste,
to choose waste management practices that minimise the risks of immediate and future
environmental pollution and harm to human health
...


The key objectives of the Waste Strategy:







Decouple waste growth from economic growth and put more emphasis on waste prevention
and reuse,
Meet and exceed the Landfill Directive diversion targets for biodegradable municipal waste
in 2013 and 2020,
Increase the diversion of non-municipal waste from landfill,
Secure better integration of treatment for municipal and non-municipal waste,
Secure the investment in infrastructure needed to divert waste from landfill, and for
management of hazardous waste,
Get the most environmental benefit from that investment, through increased recycling of
resources and recovery of energy from residual waste using a mix of technologies
...
In the Waste Strategy, it pledges to use market-based measures, e
...
Landfill Tax, encourage
producer responsibility initiatives such as the packaging waste regulations, use planning
considerations, and, promoting best practice in waste minimization such as energy from waste
...

Its aim is make far reaching changes to the way in which Europe produces and consumes
energy
...

Build a pan-European integrated energy market
...

Strengthen the external dimensions of the EU Energy market
...


EU wants to improve security and solidarity and so wants to reduce energy consumption by
15% and reduce energy imports by 26% by 2020
...

Its three core objective are –Sustainability, improve internal competitiveness and improve
security of its international supply
...
gov
...
It set binding emission reduction targets for 37
industrialized countries and the European community in its first commitment period (2008 –
2012)
...


It recognises that the 150+ years of industrial activities by developed countries has resulted
in the current high levels of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, and so places
heavier burdens on developed nations under the principal of “common but differentiated
responsibilities”
...
On December 8th 2012, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto
Protocol was adopted, launching a second commitment period – January 1st 2013 to 2020
...
”
The core of how the Kyoto Protocol works is through:
 Reporting and verification procedures,
 Flexible market-based mechanisms,
 A compliance system
...

The flexible market mechanisms are based on the trade of emissions permits
...
g
...
The idea of this is
that it does not matter where emissions are reduced, as long as they are removed from the
planet's atmosphere
...


The 7th EAP focuses on living well within the limits our planet, safeguarding what there is
and making it efficient
...

20% increase in the share renewable energy consumed
20% improvement in EU energy efficiency

UK
Before the 2008 Act, the UK voluntarily committed to reduce its CO2 levels by 20%
by 2010, and by 60% by 2050
...
The UKs share of this
reduction is 12
...


Resources
(The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP))

The CFP is a set of rules for managing European fishing fleets and conserving fish stocks
...
It
addresses an open access resource problem by giving fleets equal access to EU waters and
fishing grounds, and allows fishermen to compete fairly
...

The impact of commercial fishing is not fully known and the precautionary principle is used
...

Seeks to make fishing practices more selective in what the catch,
Attempts to phase out the practice of discarding unwanted fish The current policy gives EU
countries greater control over its management at a national and regional level
...


Ref - http://ec
...
eu/fisheries/cfp/index_en
...
0 – Understanding environmental policy legislation and compliance measures
3
...

Hard law includes the formal conventions such as treaties and statutes, protocols and other
express written agreements or obligations between states
...
g the United Nations
Framework convention on climate change 1992
...
Countries are more likely to
agree to soft laws because, while often very persuasive, they are not legally binding
...
g Rio
Declaration 1992
...
An
example of regional custom is the polluter pays principle because of its strong support in
OECD and EC countries
...

Individual countries can adopt laws from international Conventions and Agreements but
Large amount of international environmental legislation is usually signed up to by the EU on
behalf of its member states and the member
European Union
How the EU worksHeads of government in EU states set policy agenda (sometimes taken from International
conventions like the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
This is then passed to the commission to set legislation
Proposals for legislation are then developed and handed to the European parliament
Directives or regulations are adopted, national gov become responsible for implementing and
funding it
...

Directives are the most common form of legislation for environmental policy as they give
government flexibility to how they are implemented but have to be achieved
...

Decisions are binding in their entirety but may be only directed to one or two member states or
possibly private enterprises
...
If no progress is made towards
these policies, countries can receive significant fines from the EU
...
Green 10 (ten of the largest environmental
organisations ) have commented that implementation of the EU’s legislation has been
disappointing
...
e
...
the Packaging Waste
Regulations and the Emissions Trading Regulations

Example
An example of how international law is transposed in to national level law is the framework tackling
climate change
...
It
results in the Framework Convention on Climate Change
...
It agreed to reduce its emissions by 8% from 2002 -2012
through the Sixth Environmental Action Programme
...
5% of
this and piloted the first Emissions trading scheme 2002-2006 and set up the Department for
energy and climate change (DECC) who are responsible for the energy act 2008 and 2013
...
2 Outline the main types of law (common and statute law, civil and criminal law – in
jurisdictions where they exist)
Codified = statues that have been created with subject matter
...
Not codified example: a bill, which only
applies to one or a few people, e
...
getting divorced before the divorce bill in Canada, whereby
senate would vote and make the judgement into law
...

Public = person vs state or society
...
Can lead to criminal
sanctions and occasionally civil sanctions in England and Wales (On occasion, private law is used to
protect the environment, usually through court action based on nuisance, negligence – mainly
personal injury claims – or trespass)
Private = person vs person (includes companies)
Example- Waste environmental damage storage Common Law – Rylands vs Fletcher – Neighbours or
down-gradient users of groundwater could have an action in damages against a site owner in tort (a
civil wrong), nuisance or the rule in Rylands & Fletcher, e
...
for negligent storage and treatment of
waste or nuisance caused by their use of land
...


Often uses precedent system
Law is developed by judges based on the decisions of courts and previous cases of a similar nature
...
e
...

Both systems usually include legally enforced regulations which are often codified
...
If a similar case has been resolved in the past then the
court is generally bound to use the same reasoning in the case of interest (through stare decisions)
...
Resultantly, consistency improves with ever y similar case, as does the
focus on detail and difference between cases
...

Also further complicated when common law interacts with frequently amended regulations, statues
and constitutional law and European Law, but stare decisis is fundamental to common law
...
Precedence does not have an influence on the judicial application of these
codes within court
...

“Uses abstractions (a brief statement that contains the most important points of a long legal
document or of several related legal papers
...
“
“Substantive law stands in contrast to procedural law, which is the "machinery" for enforcing those
rights and duties
...
”
Statute Law:
Is implemented through codified legislature
...

“A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a state, city, or
country
...
The word is often used
to distinguish law made by legislative bodies from case law (Alex vs Cooke, 2007), decided by courts,
and regulations issued by government agencies
...
" As a source of law, statutes are considered primary authority (as opposed to
secondary authority)
...
It regulates social conduct and proscribes
threatening, harming, or otherwise endangering the health, safety, and moral welfare of people
...
Criminal law differs from civil law, whose
emphasis is more on dispute resolution and victim compensation than on punishment
...
3 Describe key environmental legislation (legislation in relation to natural environment, air
water, land, waste, energy, climate change, producer responsibility and planning)

Natural Environment
Habitats Directive 1992 (92/43/EEC)- SACs, SPA, established a network of protected sites over the EU
called Natura 2000
...

Birds Directive 2009/147/EC – adopted by member states in 1979 “as a response to increasing
concern about the declines in Europe's wild bird populations resulting from pollution, loss of habitats
as well as unsustainable use”
...
Established SPAs which also contribute to NATURA
2000 since 1994
...

Enables traffic regulation orders to be made to conserve areas of natural beauty
...
Also reaffirmed the JNCC –
Joint Nature Conservation Committee – which advise UK gov't and devolved organisations on
UK and international nature conservation
Conservation of habitats and species regulations 2010 – implements EU habitats directive in
respect of conservation of natural habitats, wild flora and fauna
...


Environmental protection act 1990- Structure and authority for waste management
and control of emissions into the environment
...
5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
...
”
Replaced nearly all the previous EU air quality legislation and was made law in England through the
Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010, which also incorporates the 4th air quality daughter
directive (2004/107/EC) that sets targets for levels in outdoor air of certain toxic heavy metals and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
...

Separate legislation exists for emissions of air pollutants with the main legislation being the UNECE
Gothenburg Protocol which sets national emission limits (ceilings) for SO2, NOX, NH3 and volatile

organic compounds for countries to meet from 2010 onwards
...

The European Commission is required to review the directive in 2013 and it is expected that they will
initiate work with stakeholders and Member States later in 2011
...
5) and consolidate the 4th Air Quality
Daughter Directive
...
The Secretary of State for Environment (In
charge of DEFRA), Food and Rural Affairs has responsibility for meeting the limit values in England
and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) co-ordinates assessment and air
quality plans for the UK as a whole
...
This was last reviewed and published in 2007
...

Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 and Part II of the Environment (Northern Ireland) Order 2002
requires local authorities in the UK to review air quality in their area and designate air quality
management areas if improvements are necessary
...
An air quality action plan describing the pollution reduction measures
must then be put in place
...
”
DEFRA: “Air pollution, for example from road transport, harms our health and wellbeing
...

Air pollution also damages biodiversity, reduces crop yields and contributes to climate change
...
It gives local authorities
powers to designate Smoke Control Areas, where it’s an offence to emit smoke from a
chimney unless using an approved fireplace or fuel
...
gov
...


Volatile Organic Compounds in Paints, Varnishes & Vehicle Refinishing Products
Regulations (Amendment)(England) Regulations 2009 SI 3145 (Local Authorities)
Amends 2005/2773 to allow an person authorised to enforce the Regulations on behalf of a local council to enter
premises, take measurements, samples, and obtain information
...


National air quality strategy as set out in Part IV of the environmental protection act focuses
mainly on human health but also standard for the protection of vegetation and ecosystems in
respect to nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
...
Permits will need to reflect limits set out in
the Air quality directive 2008 ‘limit and target values’

Water
Water Framework Directive
In October 2000 the 'Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of

23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy'
(Water Framework Directive or WFD) was adopted and came into force in December 2000
...
It will ensure that
all aquatic ecosystems and, with regard to their water needs, terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands
meet 'good status' by 2015
...

UK implementation
To enable the objectives of the Water Framework Directive to be met requires the transposition of
measures into national law
...

In Scotland it is implemented through The Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland)
Act2003 and in Northern Ireland through The Water Environment (Water Framework Directive)
Regulations (Northern Ireland)2003
...
These include
rivers, streams, lakes, estuaries, coastal waters and groundwater
...

Improving water quality in our rivers, streams and other water-bodies has many benefits
...
Environment agency the governing agency – water resource act 1991
...
The Act
governs the quality and quantity of water by outlining the functions of the Environment Agency
(previously the National Rivers Authority)
...
The Environment Agency has the power to bring
criminal charges against people or companies responsible for crimes concerning water
...
The policing of this act is the responsibility
of the Environment Agency
...

Silt and soil from eroded areas are included in the definition of polluting material
...

Pertinence to Agriculture: Agricultural Pollution, Water, Waste, Soil Erosion

http://adlib
...
co
...
aspx?id=18802
The Water Bill
Which was published in June 2013 and applies to England and Wales (and in part to
Scotland by establishing a cross-border arrangement), is expected to receive royal assent in
April 2014
...


Freshwater Fish Directive 2006/44/EC
Aims to protect and improve the quality of rivers and lakes to encourage healthy fish populations
...
Designated waters will become protected areas under the WFD
...
Under Article 22 of the Water Framework Directive the 1980 Directive is due to be
repealed in December 2013
...


Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) Regulations 2009

The Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) (Amendment)
Regulations 2009
The Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) (Amendment)
Regulations 2010
The Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) (Wales) Regulations 2009
The Environmental Liability (Scotland) Regulations 2009
Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) (Amendment) Regulations 2010 SI
587 (Natural England Local Authorities and Environment Agency)
Brings into force rules to force polluters to prevent and repair damage to water systems, land quality,
species and their habitats and protected sites
...
Previous revisions SI 2009/153 and 2009/3275
...
ukooaenvironmentallegislation
...
uk/contents/topic_files/offshore/environmen
tal%20liability
...

It is increasing being used for remedying past environmental harm or providing
environmental enhancements (e
...
Part 2A EPA 1990)
...

There are also important environmental provisions contained in the Planning
(Hazardous Substances Control) Act 1990
...




Even when the application does not require an EIA the environmental effects of a
development will be a material consideration whether or not the local development
framework contains policies dealing with specific environmental issues



The whole range of environmental and sustainability issues are made a material
consideration by planning policy guidance notes and regional planning guidance
...

There are provisions in Regulation 49 that allow a local authority to grant permission
despite a development having adverse effects, but only if there are ‘considerations
of overriding public importance’
Regulation 50 requires a local planning authority to review permissions granted
before the site became a European site and to carry out an appropriate assessment
where it is likely to have a significant effect
...
It creates a new system of
development consent for nationally significant infrastructure projects
...
The requirements for an EIA are set out by the European Directive on the
assessment of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/33/EEC as
amended by 97/11/EC)
...

The procedure requires the developer to put together an environmental statement
describing the likely significant effects of the development on the environment and propose
mitigation measures for these effects
...
Its contents
and any comments made must be taken into account by the planning authority before
granting consent
...

 Consideration, by the planning authority that needs to decide whether to grant the
development or not, of the environmental statement and any comments made and
decide whether to give permission
...


Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Environment Agency and Local Authority)
Defines within England, Scotland and Wales the legal framework for duty of care for waste,
contaminated land and statutory nuisance
...


The Contaminated Land (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2012 (Environment Agency

and Local Authority)
Amends SI 2006/1380 Regulations, setting out provisions relating to the identification and
remediation of contaminated land and amends the circumstances in which contaminated land affects
controlled waters
...
Other revisions include SI 2008/520 and 2007/3245
...
Requires member states to:
 Take necessary measures to ensure waste is recovered or disposed of
 Not damage human health
 Not cause harm to environment
 Includes permitting, registration & inspection requirements
Encourages waste hierarchy scheme, see above
...


WEEE – see above
Environmental Permitting regulations
The EP Regulations set out:
which facilities need an environmental permit ("regulated facilities") or need to be registered as
exempt;
powers, functions and responsibility of the regulators
how to apply for, change, extend and surrender a permit and register an exemption;
how the environmental protection requirements set out by European Directives and national
policy are implemented within the conditions of the permits;
a streamlined permitting system which uses standard rules;
powers and functions of the regulators, the Secretary of State and the Welsh Assembly
Government;
the transition to the new regime; and
provisions for appeals against permitting decisions
...
wrap
...
uk/waste_management_regulations/background/environment_p
ermit
...
A consultation on
implementing the measure was scheduled for 2013, but it is now due in January 2014
...


Energy Act 2013 – tries to decarbonise the electricity market and provide incentives
for producing low carbon energy
...

Sets caps on amount of emissions generated from new fossil fuel power stations
...


The Eco design for Energy-Related Products Regulations 2010 SI 2617
(National Measurement Office)
...
Adds civil sanctions as an enforcement mechanism
...


Energy Information Regulations 2011 SI 1524
(National Measurement Office)
...
Includes powers of
enforcement to improve the environmental performance of products
...
Requires building owners to
make an energy performance certificate available for buyers or tenants and to inspect air
conditioning systems regularly
...
Schedule 2 and Regulation 8 revoked by Building Regulations 2010 SI 2214
...
Establishes for the UK a new energy efficiency scheme designed to reduce
carbon emissions through improving energy efficiency in public and private sector organisations that
consume large amounts of electricity, gas and other fuels
...
Sets out a scheme to award an 'eco-label' to manufacturers who
want to inform consumers about what they are doing to reduce the environmental impact of their
products
...

This Directive aims to introduce significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions with a view to
reducing the influence of such emissions on the climate
...

Applications for greenhouse gas emission permits must describe:
the installation, its activities and the technology used;

the materials used which could emit the greenhouse gases listed in Annex II;
the sources of gas emissions;
the measures planned to monitor and report emissions
...
A permit may cover one or more
installations on the same site operated by the same operator
...

The competent authority will re-examine the greenhouses gas emissions permit at least every five
years and make the necessary modifications
...

The climate change levy (CCL) is a tax on energy delivered to non-domestic users in the United
Kingdom
...
Electricity generated from new renewables and approved cogeneration
schemes is not taxed
...

UK has to have an 80% reduction of GHG’s on 1990’s levels by 2050
...
2) Regulations 2012 SI 3049 (HMRC)
These Regulations amend the Climate Change Levy (General) Regulations 2001 SI 838 and take
account of the removal of the exemption for indirect supplies of electricity produced in a combined
heat and power (CHP) station, with effect from 1st April 2013
...


The Ozone-Depleting Substances (Qualifications) Regulations 2009 SI 216 (Environment

Agency Local Authorities and the Port Authority)

Revokes and replaces, with amendments, the Ozone Depleting Substances (Qualifications)
Regulations 2006 by the Ozone Depleting Substances (Qualifications) (Amendment) Regulations
2008
...


The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligations (Amendment) Order 2011 SI 2937 (Department

of Transport)
Amends 2007/3072, which requires road transport fuel suppliers to produce certificates to show that
a proportion of their fuel is renewable, by reducing the amount that this proportion increases every
year until 2013
...
It was established by
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) in 1988 to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current
state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic
impacts
...


Producer Responsibility
See above, and LCA
Planning
Planning system current code mainly comprises mainly but not exclusively of the
Town and Country planning act 1990 also includes the planning and compulsory
purchase act 2004 and planning act 2008
...

Planning policy guidance PPG replaced by NPPF
Planning and compulsory purchase act 2004 introduced a new two tier structure to change
approach of development plan making in England
...
Also creates the IPC (infrastructure planning commission)
...
EIA comes from an EU directive (97/11/EC) implemented by
c
...


Purposes is to describe the significant effects of the development and propose mitigation
measures
...

1
...
Public consultation with regards to ES and the planning application to which the ES
relates
...
Consideration by local authority to grant permission
4
...
4 Describe how organisations comply with environmental legislation
Through permits
Environmental Permit Regime (EPR) April 2008
If an organisation needs a permit they must also have an Environmental Management System (EMS)
EMS is a structures framework to help manage, evaluate and improved environmental performance
in a verifiable way
...

Through voluntary management systemsExamples- ISO14001 and 1400 Series of standards, EU eco management and Audit Scheme (EMAS),
BS8555
...
The drivers
2
...
The pathway
4
...

The onus is on the business to know and comply with regulations
...


How Organisations Comply with Environmental Legislation


Organisations have a legal and moral duty to comply with environmental









laws and regulations
Given the complexity of legal requirements regarding environmental protection
Significant challenge for organisations
Find out what laws and regulations actually apply
Understand how they apply and what needs to be done to comply
Ensure compliance on an ongoing basis
...
”
Companies register as EEE producers through producer compliance schemes which ensure legal
obligations are met and obtain on the companies' behalf evidence of re-use, recovery and recycling
...

Practical company registering compliance scheme:
 Pay a registration fee,
 Tell the scheme the weight of EEE placed on the UK market each year,
 Tell scheme whether it is supplied for household or business use,
 Receive product registration number to give to anyone who distributes or sells product,
 Take advice from compliance scheme re funding cost of treating/recovering/disposing of products
 Mark products with EEE brand (crossed out wheel bin and brand name or producer ID)
Producers that don't comply are breaking the law
...
If they delay, they could be fined up to £5000 in a Magistrate's Court or receive
an unlimited fine in a Crown Court
...
These obligations incentivise renewables with the use of ROC's renewable obligation
certificates:
The level of the annual obligation on electricity suppliers is published by 1 October in the year before
it comes into effect, e
...
the obligation for the financial year starting 1 April 2013 was published on
28 September 2012
...

•
Ofgem issues Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) to electricity generators relating to
the amount of eligible renewable electricity they generate
...

•
Suppliers present their ROCs to Ofgem to demonstrate their compliance with the RO
...

•
The money Ofgem collects in the buy-out and late payment funds is re-distributed on a prorata basis to suppliers who presented ROCs
...
These are provided by the Institute for prospective
technological studies (IPTS) under the EC's joint research centre (JRC)
...
BAT takes into account the balance between the costs and environmental
benefits
...
r19
...
rackcdn
...
pdf




General Management Conditions
Environmental Management System (in-house, or ISO14001, or EMAS, see table from SEM
lecture)
Demonstrating compliance – reporting, recording, audits

Compliance Assessment: IEMA doc P34

3
...
In addition, not only will a defendant be punished but they
will also be liable to pay the prosecution costs and contend with the related publicity
...
For
instance, the Environment Agency for England and Wales publishes an annual report of the
worst polluters in the UK


Criminal liabilities – the number of criminal offences for non-compliance is increasing,
and regulatory bodies are willing to resort to prosecution
...




Administrative sanctions – in most regulatory systems, there are a number of options
available to the regulator- Enforce requirements of the Environmental permit regime,
suspension or the revoking of a license
...
In some areas local authorities can be
penalised if they fail to meet their contribution to these obligations
...
These costs often exceed the levels of fines that can be imposed
...




Adverse publicity – the publicity attracted as a result of infringements of the law can
be just as costly as any direct costs
...
A
...

E
...
A civil sanctions - Compliance Notice, Restoration Notice, Fixed Monetary, Penalty Variable,
Monetary Penalty, Stop Notice, Enforcement Undertaking (a person who may have committed a
pollution offence can give an undertaking to a regulator to take corrective steps) Third party
undertakings- which promise to compensate persons affected by pollution
...
This could lead to negative press and to a lack of trust from
consumers, investors and suppliers
...

Breach of permits can be enforced by – Enforcing the requirements of the permit, suspension of the
permit, variation of permit conditions, injections, revocation of the permit, criminal prosecution
...
A
...
If prosecuted in the Crown Court, there is no limit on the
amount of the fine and sentences of up to 5 years imprisonment may be imposed on those
responsible for the pollution or on Directors of companies causing pollution
...
6 Explain the role of environmental regulators (natural regulators
appropriate to country or region of operation/activity

Scenario
Control of hazardous waste
Discharge of trade effluent
to sewer
Statutory nuisance
Registration of waste
carriers
Registration of packaging
waste compliance schemes
Discharge of effluent to
controlled waters
Permitting a2 installations
Inspection of contaminated
land

Regulator (example 1)
Environment Agency
Water Authority
Environment Agency
Environment Agency
Environment Agency
Environment Agency
Local Authority
Local Authority

Regulator (example 2)
Environment Agency
Water Companies, Environment
Agency
Local Authorities
Environment Agency
Environment Agency, SEPA or
compliance scheme
Environment Agency, SEPA,
Northern Ireland EA
Local Authority
Local Authority

Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA)
Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA)

Environment Agency – for England and Wales
The Environment Agency's stated purpose is, "to protect or enhance the environment, taken as a
whole" so as to promote "the objective of achieving sustainable development" (taken from
the Environment Act 1995, section 4)
...
The vision of the Agency is of "a rich, healthy and diverse environment for
present and future generations

Climate change[edit]
The Agency states that they take a "leading role in limiting and preparing for the impacts of climate
[15]
change
...
A helps to run some of the main trading schemes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and
regulate important low-carbon technologies such as hydropower, nuclear power and carbon capture and storage
...
This will soon include emissions from some large-scale agricultural activities, but
[16]
air pollutant releases from many agricultural activities will continue to be unregulated
...
Local authorities regulate air pollution from smaller industrial processes
...
The
Environment Agency has an Air Quality Modelling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU) that aims to ensure
that air quality assessments for permit applications, enforcement and air pollution incident
investigations are consistent, of a high standard and based on sound science
...
It also regulates the movement of hazardous
wastes such as fibrous asbestos, infectious clinical wastes and harmful chemicals
...
In serious cases the
Environment Agency has the power to revoke the Environmental Permits issued to sites that
[17]
contravene the conditions of their permits stopping all waste handling activities
...

Much of this information is required by law under the provisions of a number of European Directives to
be reported both to Parliament and to Europe and to be made public
...

Monitoring is also carried out of many discharges to the aquatic environment including sewage
effluents and trade and agricultural discharges
...
The Agency is in charge of inland rivers, estuaries and harbours in England
...

Complex arrangements exist for the management of river regulation reservoirs, which are used to
store winter water in the wetter parts of England to maintain levels in the summer time so that there is
sufficient water to supply the drier parts of the country with drinking water
...
It uses the proceeds
[18]
(approx £20M per annum) to maintain and improve the quality of fisheries in England by
improving habitat
...


Local Authorities (Councils)
Local authorities regulate on a range of environmental matters including, Local Authority Air
Pollution Control, Statutory Nuisances (e
...
noise, odours and smells), contaminated land, Land
use planning and Tree preservation orders
...
It also acts
as the Government's advisor on the English natural environment
...
It also acts as
the Scottish Government's advisor on the Scottish natural environment
...
It acts as the statutory adviser to the Government on the natural
Environment in Wales
...
Joint regulator with the Environment Agency, SEPA and NIEA in the
administration of the control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 and the Control of Major
Accident Hazards (Amendment) Regulations 2005
...

The Planning Inspectorate (England and Wales)
The Planning Inspectorate is responsible for processing of planning and enforcement appeals and
holding inquiries into local development plans
...

Discharging substances to air, water or land without a permit can be punishable by
prosecution: magistrates court up to £50,000 or 1 year in prison for knowingly
polluting, crown court no financial limit and 5 years imprisonment for those
responsible or directors of polluting company),
Promoting sustainable development
Supporting ecology and users of rivers + wetlands (anglers, boats) (environment
agency, 2011)
...

- Provide information and advice to organisations

- Manage public registers to provide public information
- Issue notices- suspension, revocation against permits
- Ensure land is returned to original state following surrender of a permit
- Inspection of land within authority areas to register contaminated land
...
It also acts as the Government's advisor on the
English natural environment
...

Defra is more to do with setting policy
...
They also cover pollution and emissions
...


Regulating unconventional gas
protecting water resources, including groundwater (aquifers) as well as assessing and approving the use of
chemicals which form part of the hydraulic fracturing fluid

appropriate treatment and disposal of mining waste produced during the borehole drilling and hydraulic fracturing
process
suitable treatment and management of any naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)

EA also publishes a worst polluters report every year

4
...
1- Outline how environmental issues present risks and opportunities for organisations
(risks at an operational level, risks to the environment, and risks presented by changing
environment)
Operational level opportunities
Producing a product or service with zero environmental impact may not be able to be achievable
with current technology
...

Closer cooperation with not only partners but also competitors to create best available techniques
to reduce environmental impact
...

Existing and forthcoming regulations and governance, environmental risk and liability can influence
an organisation's:
 financial performance,
 reputation and brand,
 cash flow,
 and shareholder value
◦

Staff loyalty, customer preference/trust, supply chain's own requirements/EMS, general
public opinion, likelihood of investment from shareholders, overall company value

Talk about commercial developers, contaminated land risk, liability
...

Resources need to be used to formulate an environmental management plan
...

Businesses need to change their production and how they handle waste and could put strain on the
already cash strapped struggling businesses
...

(Hazardous) waste
Increased use of eco system services in an unsustainable way- e
...
fishing
Changing environment
Resources become scarce- business’s may not be able to operate
...
This phase of development and research could be akin to the surge in
inventions produced by both the world wars – radar being an example of this
...
An example is part 2a of the Environment protection act- polluter pays
...


Risks types:
 Pathways: air, water, soil, biological food chains
 Created by man through the introduction of a new technology, product or chemical (like
CFCs)
 Or during processes, works, developments, building
...

 Others unsuspected at the time the technology or activity was developed, such as effects on
the
earth's ozone layer of fluorocarbon sprays or nitrogen fertilizers
 Non man-made such as pluvial and fluvial flooding, ground subsidence, radon
...
stanford
...
1_chapter1_1-14
...


4
...
g
...

Corporate Socially Responsibility reporting





Directors must make clear what risks their companies pose to the environment
How they are managing these risks to reduce their impact
...


The UK Accounting Standards Board is currently producing a new Financial Reporting Standard that
all companies must use to report on their environmental risks
...

Environment Agency research (by Trucost plc) has shown that although 89 per cent of the 550 FTSE
all-share companies made environmental disclosures in their Annual Reports and Accounts, the
majority currently lack depth, rigour and sufficient detail for shareholders to properly assess
environmental risks or opportunities which they currently face
...

Our research (by Innovest) on corporate environmental governance and financial performance leaves
no doubt that environmental issues do have a material impact on the financial success of stock
market listed companies
...
Productslife cycle assessment due to pressure from extended producer responsibility
...
Very large array of
environmental hazards are covered by these reports
...


DEFRA Key Performance Indicators – Reporting Guidelines for UK Businesses (Incl
Climate Change)
There is an increasing recognition that good environmental performance makes good
Business sense
...

Management of energy, natural resources or waste will affect current performance; failure
to plan for a future in which environmental factors are likely to be increasingly significant
may risk the long-term future of a business
...
They understand how to improve their processes, reduce their costs,
comply with regulatory requirements and stakeholder expectations and take advantage of
new market opportunities
...
Nevertheless, the landscape of environmental, sustainability
and corporate responsibility reporting can be complex
...

The Guidelines are consistent with other standards and reporting guidance as far as possible
...
defra
...
uk/environment/business/reporting/pdf/envkpi-guidelines
...
Quantitative, relevance, comparability
...


4
...

Finding value in others' waste
◦

EfW (pyrolysis (produce gas, oil (soon to be usable in cars through advances in refining) or
char),

◦

direct combustion of waste-derived fuel e
...
landfill gas,

◦




anaerobic digestion (producing CO2, burnable methane, and nitrate-rich digestate matter
(fertiliser)),
Using risk itself as a selling point (GroundSure); providing peace of mind, insurance, knowledge,
advice, consultation, or selling environmental products
Marketing: Using CSR as a selling point and out-competing competitors through good
environmental practise
Using investments in better technology and education to increase energy/fuel efficiency, saving
money

 receiving assistance and grants from the government
 spending less on raw materials, energy and water
 receiving recognition through numerous environmental awards
 finding new market opportunities for "green" goods and services
 improving workplace safety through reduced use of industrial chemicals and reduced waste
creating a positive impression in the minds of your customers as a business that cares about its
impact on the environment

4
...
I think there is value in this
...
g
...
g
...

Financial
Value in capital investment – improved equipment acquisition decisions, encouragement of
sustainable design in facility construction
Value in market growth – more beneficial supplier relationship, enhanced environmental
attributes of products, safeguarding of corporate image
...
5 Explain the importance of corporate social responsibility in relation to environmental
management
Transparency, shows initiative, gives a clear voluntary statement of what the company has done
...


Addresses the philanthropic, ethical, legal and economic responsibilities of a company
...

British telecom’s CSR department routinely undertakes a risk assessment with management
examining sustainability issues like climate change, outsourcing of jobs, breach of integrity,
electronic privacy and supply chain risks
...
This acts as a health
check and is good risk management as the CSR team can deploy mitigating measures in a proactive
way
...
An
important tool in measuring how well a business is performing in relation to its environmental
management
...
6 Explain the importance of environmental sustainability in value chain management
(organisation value chain Michael Porter definition)

Michael Porter: “The idea of the value chain is based on the process view of organizations, the
idea of seeing a manufacturing (or service) organisation as a system, made up of subsystems each
with inputs, transformation processes and outputs
...
How value chain activities are carried out
determines costs and affects profits
...
EG
Seen as a weak link in a multinational firm’s sustainable development performance
...

Just 27% of suppliers are investing in carbon-cutting measures, whereas 69% of clients do so
...


In its first year the school has enrolled about 2,600 members from more than 1,460 companies
...

The big contractors also share many of the same suppliers, so it makes good sense to avoid duplication and work together to improve
sustainability performance across the supply chain
...
“As
contractors, we are only as green as our weakest link and we cannot achieve greater
sustainability without our suppliers
...

Environmentalist - 11 November 2013

This is also the case when the product is sold on to the consumer
...

build Prius, as fast as possible, to increase manufacturing efficiency
...

Half a truck – double the deliveries required
...

Prius - Current Environmental Impact
 Emits 25% - 30% less CO2 than that of an equivalent petrol car (Life Cycle Assessment of
Vehicle Fuels and Technologies page 22) over its whole life cycle
...

98% is made up of gathering raw materials, production, transport, maintenance and
disposal
...


Despite the overall lower carbon footprint, the resource gathering and transportation stage of the
Prius has caused significant public scepticism towards its actual environmental benefits vs the
profitable perceived ones it enjoys
...
cnfolio
...
Often
environmental burdens end up being shifted from one point in the value chain (where it is best dealt
with) to other less well-reported and less equipped points in the value chain, improving
environmental performance at one stage but reducing it overall
 EG: Removing waste material from a product (e
...
cut-out adhesive stickers with waste card
and plastic surrounding them)
 instead of cutting the waste off and sending just the stickers
 send the whole roll of adhesive paper
 higher waste burden at next stage of value chain
Also,
Plug in electric reduce the amount of petrol burned


More electricity used inefficient batteries
Generated by other polluting energy sources

4
...
If we do not follow this practise we are effectively short changing
ourselves
...
McKinsey reported in
2011, for example, that potential global savings of between $2
...
7 trillion could be achieved by 2030 through a
range of resource-productivity measures, 70% of which would have investment returns of 10% or more per year
...
This
includes all wastes–whether it is municipal solid waste, industrial residues, or hazardous waste that
is produced by individuals or industry
...
Extending the useful life of products would help
achieve this objective, as would increased materials reuse and recycling (United states
Environmental Protection Agency -MOVING FORWARD: MATERIALS MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE
CONSERVATION)
Population is rising while resources are declining effective resource use is key in being able to sustain
future generations
...
Reducing material intensity (less material per unit), reducing energy intensity
(less energy per unit)
...

The design process would seek to minimize the use of raw materials and to extend product lifespans
to maximize the ease and frequency of subsequent product disassembly, recycling, and/or
transformation for reuse
...

The National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP) has been proving that one company’s waste is another’s
valuable resource since 2005, as the concept of industrial symbiosis (IS) is increasingly being looked at as
important for policy makers
...
Government has pulled its investment in this though
and Peter Laybourn says this is a good thing because the investment came with a caveat “They started saying

which industries we could work with, and which materials, which is almost the opposite of what IS trying to do
...
”

5
...
1 Indentify relevant sources of environmental information and data (absolute and normalised
data, qualitative and quantitative data)
Absolute data – information is presented in absolute units of measurement e
...
tonnes, cubic
metres etc over a given period of time, usually per annum
...

Normalised data – makes relationship between figures visible, by relating two absolute figures to
each other
...
g total CO2 emissions per unit of output and proportion of recycled waste to total
waste
...

Trend data – data per annum presented over a number of years (e
...
businesses’ yearly carbon
footprint from 2004-2014 shows business’ performance trend
...


Total emissions of carbon dioxide
or emissions per employee
compared with previous years

Water consumption

Total annual water
consumption

Water consumption per
employee, per unit of
output, etc
...


Total waste or waste per
employee compared with
previous years

Quantitative – based on numbers, maths and stats
Qualitative – based on personal experience, opinion
A sandwich: “quite expensive” vs “£5”
A car: “too small” vs “2 seats”
Coffee: “too hot” vs “98°C”
Waste Management System: “Ineffective” vs “0% reduction of waste”

5
...
Direct interaction with individuals on a one to one basis
2
...
Focus groups
4
...
Action Research
6
...
3 Evaluate the accuracy and relevance of data
Normalising data against a base year or benchmark may allow for year on year comparison but may
not reflect all aspects of environmental performance
...
Benchmarking could hide detail
...

Parameters need to stay the same when comparing different sets of information or they are not
clear indicators
...

Indicators need to be generated in the same way to ensure apples are not compared with pears as
you would not be able to easily compare data to other data sets such as sector, national or regional
benchmarks easily
...
4 Analyse and interpret data
January 2010 saw the launch of BAM Construct UK’s online Sustainability Measurement and Reporting Tool, or BAM SMaRT
...


5
...
In other words, graphs are pictures that show you how one thing changes in relation to
another
...


5
...
Even when data volumes
are very large, patterns can be spotted quickly and easily
...
It lets people ask others, “Do you see
what I see?” And it can even answer questions like “What would happen if we made an adjustment to
that area?”

5
...

Both involved in checking data collected obtained for use in management (including environmental
management), performance assessment and establishing useful, relatively reliable conclusions for
the purpose of establishing areas that require improvement and possible methods for such action
...
This includes identifying whether information has
been collected with sufficient detail and calibration to be considered satisfactory, as well as
identifying biases, anomalies
...

A type of Data Verification is double entry and proofreading data
...
This is also time consuming and costly
...

Verification and Assurance are both for the purpose of giving the data's users an idea of how reliable
the information is
...


Materiality, Responsiveness, Completeness
http://www
...
org/images/content/1/8/189/AA1000%20Guidance%20Note%20
-%20Low%20Res
...
For example, an audit report would not need to specify the number of
paper clips used by a bank
...


Information whose omission or poor explanation might impact the decisions of the consultee on its
basis
...
The assurance provider must be confident that the reporting organisation has
identified and understood all of its material aspects
...

These concerns may arise from an organisations stakeholders or applicable policies and standards
...

The study also examined the way in which FTSE350 companies reported carbon emissions
data ahead of mandatory reporting – which was introduced on 30 September 2013
...
Of those examined: 12% reported emissions per £ of
revenue; 12% per unit of output; 7% per full-time employee; and 5% per floor area
...

Environmentalist- Author:Sarah-Jayne Russell
Date:23 October 2013

6
...
1 Describe the application (purpose, stages in the process of implementation, relevant standards
and guidelines) of environmental and assessment tools
Risk assessment
Environmental management systems
An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a structured framework for managing an
organisation's significant environmental impacts
...
"
EMS is voluntary, international
...
Similar to financial audits
...

There is no standard protocol, either in form or content
...
Audit firms frequently develop
general protocols that can be applied to a broad range of companies/operations
...

cradle-to-grave" impacts include the extraction of raw materials; the processing,
manufacturing, and fabrication of the product; the transportation or distribution
of the product to the consumer; the use of the product by the consumer; and the
disposal or recovery of the product after its useful life
...
The European law basis is Directive 85/337
Examples of Schedule 1 projects include: (Schedule 1 means they must always be
carried out)
• Major power plants
• Chemical works
• Waste disposal incineration
• Major Roads Schemes
“An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the possible impacts that a
proposed project may have on the environment, consisting of the environmental, social and economic
aspects
...
Identification of projects requiring EIA, sometimes known as screening;
2
...
Impact assessment and evaluation;
4
...
Review of the completed EIS and;
6
...


http://en
...
org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment#EU
Purpose:
An environmental assessment is a planning and decision-making tool
...


Benefits:
support better decision making and result in many benefits, such as:
avoidance or minimization of adverse environmental effects
opportunities for public participation and Aboriginal consultation
increased protection of human health
reduced project costs and delays
reduced risks of environmental harm or disasters
increased government accountability and harmonization
lessened probability of trans boundary environmental effects
informed decisions that contribute to responsible development of natural
resources

http://en
...
org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment

Strategic environmental assessment







SEA can be broken down into distinct stages or steps
...


Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is a systematic decision support process, aiming to
ensure that environmental and possibly other sustainability aspects are considered effectively in
policy, plan and programme making
...


http://en
...
org/wiki/Strategic_environmental_assessment
Cost benefit analysis
The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems
...

Footprinting
The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems
...
- - overshoot- we
need 1
...


Water foot print
3000 litres of water to 1 litre of beer
1600 litres of water to 1kg of bread

6
...
g
...

In a business sense, taking risks can be good practise and risk assessments
discourage them
E
...
– a cash-strapped SME may avoid investing in an environmental technology
because the benefits may be unprofen and spending the money is a risk

Environmental management systems
Advantages- Systematic, structured, brings environmental issues into day to day operations,
improves understanding of environmental issues by personnel, low cost
Improve environmental performance;
• Enhance compliance;
• Prevent pollution and conserve resources;
• Reduce/mitigate risks;
• Attract new customers and markets (or at least retain access to customers and markets with EMS
requirements);
• Increase efficiency/reduce costs;
• Enhance employee morale (including the possibility of enhanced recruitment of new employees);
• Enhance image with public, regulators, lenders, investors;
• Achieve/improve employee awareness of environmental issues and responsibilities
...

Disadvantages- System suits larger organisations, has some cost, can face political or administrative
barriers
Life cycle assessment
Advantages- Systematically estimate the environmental consequences and to analyse the
exchanges that take place to the environment and are related to the examined product
or process;
• Quantify the emissions into air, water and land that take place in every life cycle
phase;
• Detect significant changes in the environmental effects between the life cycle phases
...

Disadvantages A LCA study is prohibitive economically for most of the organisations
interested in applying it
...
The more comprehensive a LCA is the more time-consuming and
expensive it will be
...

• There is not a generally acceptable LCA methodology, while most of the already
existing ones have imperfections in several points
...

Furthermore in some studies, the analysed environmental parameters are not referred to
all the environmental impacts, as in the analysis the energy consumption and the release
of a small quantity of wastes are usually included
...


• The assumptions made in such studies (for example the boundaries determination, the
source of data and the impact assessment choice) might be subjective
...

• The accuracy of a LCA study depends on the quality and the availability of the relevant
data, and if these data are not accurate enough, the accuracy of the study is limited
...


Environmental impact assessment
Advantages- Allows significant environmental effects to be avoided, remedied or minimised at an
early stage
...


Strategic environmental assessment
Advantages- Achieves environmentally sound and sustainable development, strengthens policy,
plan and programme making process, saves time and money by avoiding costly mistakes, facilitates
good governance and builds public trust and confidence in decision- making
...
Potential Inaccuracies in Identifying and Quantifying Costs and Benefits
2
...


Increased Subjectivity for Intangible Costs and Benefits
Inaccurate Calculations of Present Value Resulting in Misleading Analyses

4
...
A Cost Benefit Analysis Might Turn in to a Project Budget

Foot printing
Advantages- Can answer the question - Are we living within the biological capacity of the planet?,
encourages us to understand that the environment has limits, can be used as a powerful metaphor
...

Disadvantages- only a quantities measure, only gives a snap shot, is limited to the data that is put in
to it and therefore can be weak from inaccuracy
...
torridge
...
uk/CHttpHandler
...
0 Being able to analyse problems and opportunities to deliver sustainable solutions
7
...
environmentalistonline
...
The potential of losing something of value, weighed
against the potential to gain something of value
...

Identify the inputs and outputs of key activities, products and services
...

Next step is to determine the aspects that or can have significant environmental impacts
...
)
Environmental review- systematic review of site based activities
...

Indirect aspects- company has a degree of influence over
...

Planned and unplanned aspects
ISO14001 requires a business to look at normal operating conditions as well as realistic
potential significant impacts or emergency situations
...
g
...

The management of planned and unplanned environmental aspects supports risk control, continual
improvement, pollution control and legal compliance, which are all essential requirements of an effective EMS
...

Impacts depend on a business’s- its activity, product and service profile where the activity
takes place (proximity to sensitive environments ) the key suppliers (location, distance, type of
materials/energy supplied, and the significant environmental impacts of the supplier
...
g
...

Direct environmental aspects arise from the company’s own activities (manufacturing, on-site
processes)
...

Identified using systematic examination of site-based activities; environmental review or
environmental auditing
...
Varying levels (some degree) of influence from organisation in question but can be significant
...
g
...

Identifying these requires a broader organisational view of activities, products & services beyond
site-based activities
...
g
...
2 Determine the nature of the risk or the scope of the opportunity (including evaluate the
significance of environmental impacts)
When creating an EMS understanding the companies’ aspects is the key to ranking their significance
and help the business prioritise as not all impacts can be handled equally
...

Developing a process to rank these aspects for significance ensures that the EMS is not overwhelmed from the start
...

So, for example, consider business journeys by car:





activity – driving a car
aspect – use of diesel as fuel
impact – resulting air pollution

Significance is determined by first identifying aspects and impacts- past present and future and also
in normal, abnormal and emergency situations
...
need to be taken into account
...
Organisations are not expected to manage issues outside their sphere of
influence or control
...


The EMS general guidelines (ISO 14004) breaks down significance into 3 parts
...


However based on analysis and judgement of the 3 parts this can lead to one person judging an aspect or impact as more significant
than another
...
Control of the aspect is scored from one, where there is a high degree of control in place, to five, where
there is negligible or no control
...
The
scores are multiplied to give results up to 25 and ranked as low significance (1–6), medium (8–10) or high (12–25)
...
Although legislation is not included in the numerical scoring system, it is considered in the aspects
register, which, at nearly 300 lines long, includes a range of aspects, such as energy consumption, use of chemicals and disposal
of hazardous waste
...


A slightly more detailed system, tailored to the relevant needs and activities of the organisation, is preferable
A bespoke risk matrix could, for example, include categories such as CO2 emissions (amount of carbon produced); frequency (how
often the aspect occurs); severity (degree of impact on the environment); likelihood (probability impact will occur); controllable (extent of
control or influence, and resources required); and regulated (degree of regulation)
...

Each category must then be scored for significance – using five levels of severity is a common approach
...
Under
such a matrix, an overall score of 19 or more would be regarded significant
...
The inclusion of stakeholder interest
brings a new element as the aspect could be an opportunity which can be capitalised on and therefore be more significant
...
Mark Grahm Brown performance
measurement expert comments overload of measures is common and most serious problem a business can have with its measurement
system
...

When creating an approach to determine significance keep it simple, make it relevant and ensure it is replicable
...


Regualr assessment particuarly during new aquisitons process change
...

review it regularly
...
3 Propose sustainable solutions and programmes to address environmental problems and
opportunities
International
Eco design – shark fin to harness tidal energy
By product synergy and industrial ecology
Emissions trading schemes – making reduction in greenhouse gases law- Kyoto Protocol
Implement legislation that forces companies to continually reduce their carbon footprint based on
2010 levels
...
Rank
significance and then address each one individually
...

Home
Programmable thermostat – Costs about $50 or less and will save you that much or more in the first year
...

Lighting – Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) have that cool curly shape and save more than 2/3rds of the
energy of a regular incandescent
...
Read the box or
instructions for safe disposal
...
When it’s time to replace, do your
research and ask for ENERGY STAR
...

Water-Conserving Showerheads & Toilets – You can reduce water and heating costs, even in your bathroom
...
These simple changes and steps can
save many thousands of gallons of water annually
...
Look for
the ENERGY STAR label (check out energystar
...

Bigger isn’t always better - Just get the size you need; do you really need that extra refrigerator in the
basement?
Electronics – Likewise, look for ENERGY STAR
...
If you’re going away
or not using an item for a while, unplug it to prevent “vampire” energy loss from electricity usage on standby
...

Solar – We love solar, but make sure you reduce your energy load first to keep your costs down
...


8
...
1 Identify ways to improve environmental performance
http://www
...
org
...
pdf

Nestle uses light house sites to trial innovative projects which push the envelope of its corporate
sustainability strategy
...

Waste, water, energy efficiency
...

Less packaging
Find a site for new site locations and use eco-design to have the minimal effect on the local
environment, Nestle spent £35 million on a plant which promotes natural recharging of
groundwater, as well as enabling rain water and waste water from production and cleaning
processes to recovered and recycled
...


Nestle: six pillars of sustainability- where is economy?







Energy
Water
Waste
Biodiversity
Value Chain
Community/people

8
...
The drivers – elements that help assure an organisation is continually motivated
to drive forward to sustainability
...
An approach for selling management on sustainability and
accountability mechanisms
...
The efficient enablers- these elements enable the programme to be
implemented in an organised efficient way
...

Deployment and integration
3
...
Vision, values and policy
...
Strategic planning for aligned priorities
...
The evaluators- gauge the organisations progress toward sustainability
...
Indicators and goals- show if an organisation
is on track and making expected progress
...

What is measured gets managed, what is managed gets done
...

Bristol city council working in partnership with Bristol water- see if there are nay partnerships which
may be advantageous
...
This should be publically available and communicate the aims and
objectives an organisation has
...
Aspects can be identified by assessing an organisations inputs and outputs
...
Taking into account legislative,
regulatory, and other environmental requirements that affect the organisation
...
3 Describe how to implement a programme to improve environmental performance
Decide on a champion and convince management to internalise sustainable development and create
an environmental policy
...


Get the champion and its team to assess the environmental aspects of the organisation and rank the
significance of these aspects
...

Create a pathway – setting objectives and goals- set operating standards to ensure there is a cyclical
management process that serves as an engine for change
...

Measuring and reporting on progress-CSR
...


8
...
2
Obtained by measurement- this may require specialist equipment or specially trained persons
...

Metred sources, waste- bin loads, bills invoices for fuel consumption
...

Ways to monitor- Absolute date- raw data
Normalised data- makes a relationship between two figures, facilitates benchmarking-internal and
external
trend data- performance over time
...
Can give reasons why data is
unusual
...


Risk Assessments: Matrix – receptors vs likelihood vs severity
 Deciding what jobs to take: Accept, reduce/share, avoid - depending on above
criteria
 Establish what the activity/operation will be and its
INPUTS/OUTPUTS/ASPECTS/IMPACTS


Establish stakeholders:
o Staff
o Public
o Private land
o Suppliers
o Customers
o Environment
o Waterways
o Land
o Organisms



Establish the Inputs/outputs/aspects:
o Use of specific chemicals with specific receptors
o Processes – noise, heat, ground disturbance, large quantities of
materials/water
o Physical harm
o Pollution
o Damage to property
o Damage to image or reputation
o Breach of contract or duty of care
o Breach of trust in quality of product
o Use of unreliable advice/information/data
o Where to provide funding/incentives



Establish potential causes of these impacts
o Poor knowledge/education/preparation
o Inadequate equipment
o Wrong/misinterpreted data
o Lack of funding
o Negligence



Establish measures to avoid these impacts
o Proper EMS
o Preparation
o Seek advice from authorities, knowledgeable parties
o Funding
o Education
o Incentives
o Penalties
o Reporting – Not just doing it but showing you’re doing it
o Communication at all levels of operations

Environmental insight & Data
-Such as GroundSure reports, landmark, envirocheck, CON29 reports
...

 Highlight potential risk areas requiring further assessment
 Often include insurance policies where information is wrong or misleading
 Provide advice on how and where to get further information
 Refer to insurance companies, site surveys, etc
...

Quantative – water consumption, electricity usage, waste sent for disposal, outstanding
audit non-conformance, noise level at boundary fence
...
Weigh bridges for raw
materials and waste
...

Qualitative data- important, provides valuable insights into data
...


9
...
Why? To whom? How?

9
...
g
...

9
...
Other stakeholder who are not directly
affected may want to be involved as this would show that the organisation wants to listen to their
concerns or ideas
...
There may be sensitivity to the subject and therefore
9
...
Whether this is through free consultancy on projects to product
development, reactive issue resolution, proactive issue avoidance or simply to demonstrate that they are
listening
...

An inefficient communication to stakeholders can result in negative publicity and local knowledge can be
overlooked
...

If engagement is on a rolling programme it can be strategically important as it can be a source of free market
analysis and companies are better equipped to handle problems as they are proactively seeking them rather than
reacting to stakeholders
...

Engagement can enhance stakeholder trust and heighten an organisation’s reputation by showing transparency
and a willingness to engage
...
4 Describe appropriate communication methods for stakeholders
Door to door knocking- Guildford borough council (for future housing developments)
Workshop activities- people will hgave ideas they don’t normally have
Open invitation to come and talk
Enquiries hotline/direct phoning
Proactively seeking out sensitive stakeholders and consulting with them face to face
Letters/fliers

9
...

Assessing data from before engagement was undertaken and after to see if stakeholder attitude and
behaviour have changed
...
6 Outline guidelines for the environmental reporting and green claims (e
...
Global
reporting Index, DEFRA and DECC Guidance on how to measure and report greenhouse gas
emissions, DEFRA Green Claims Guidance)
Global reporting index guidelines
1
...
CHOOSE THE PREFERRED ‘IN ACCORDANCE’ OPTION
3
...
PREPARE TO DISCLOSE SPECIFIC STANDARD DISCLOSURES
5
...

Step 2 Determine the period for which you should collect data
Step 3 Determine the key environmental impacts for your organisation
Step 4 Measure

Step 5 Report
Environmental reporting green claims- carbon neutral, low carbon, sustainable sources etc
...

Defra’s green claims guidance (2011)
Mandatory – EU energy labels
Voluntary – EU eco labels

False claims
Unfair trading regulations 2008 requires all information to be fair and honest
...


10
...
1 Outline the principles of change management
Senior management champion the EMS – new to ISO14001
EMS is to be an integral part of the performance management system
7 key areas1
...
Understand the people you are going to be working with
...
Underpin decisions rigorously
4
...
Actions and legal requirements
6
...
Investment

1
...
, whether
personal or organisational)
...
Understand where you/the organisation is at the moment
...
Understand where you want to be, when, why, and what the measures will be
for having got there
...
Plan development towards above No
...

5
...


10
...
Find the common ground between the target
audience and sustainability
...
Make them part of the solution
...

Make the path to sustainability easy to follow – remove barriers, add resistance to bad enviro
decisions
...


10
...

Management not internalising sustainable development- often see sustainable development as
outside the circle essential to success
...
4 Constructively challenge behaviour that may cause environmental harm


Make the undesirable, desirable
...


Helen Greal at AkzoNoble had to reduce the CO2 produced by the sales force that rely on their cars
to do their job
...
She harnessed the personal motives
of the salesman who wanted nice cars
...


It is important to engage with the people you are trying to influence and find the right ways to get the message
across
...


10
...

Stagnation- Decisions are taken and then not continually reviewed

---