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SPAIN
HENRY VII
1489:
Medina del Campo: Spain wants to preserve Breton independence, fear of expanding France
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1490:
Spanish troops arrive in Brittany
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1493-6:
Ferdinand of Spain wants English support against France in the Italian wars so urges Maximilian to
drop support of Warbeck
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1497:
Prince Arthur betrothed to Catherine of Aragon
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1499:
Marriage by proxy
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Wernham: Anglo-Spanish relations were “firmly assured”
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1503:
Henry’s wife, Elizabeth of York, dies
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1503:
Prince Henry betrothed to Catherine
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1508:
League of Cambrai: European alliance against Venice
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HENRY VIII
1509:
Marries Catherine of Aragon
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1510:
Henry trying to bring an end to the Pope Julius II, Ferdinand, Maximilian I, and Louis XII’s alliance
against Venice to create a new alliance against France and fulfil his war-want
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Focussed on the recovery of Italian towns after the wars, but Henry’s focus was reigniting the 100
years war
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1512:
Failed expedition in France
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GET NOTES until 1521
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Henry -> war with France, if Francis failed to
make peace; Channel kept open for CHV; CHV to repay French pension being missed out on; joint
invasion of France, 40,000 men each; Princess Mary to marry CHV
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Gwyin: “golden opportunity to win honour + glory” by France
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Pope Leo X dies
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CHV doesn’t fully back his attempt: send a letter to
support Wolsey’s election but made sure the messenger was detained in Rome
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France
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Got within 50 miles, CHV didn’t help, threat of mutiny, end of campaign
season, so had to halt march
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Henry secretly negotiating with French
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Henry -> Charles: they should “utterly extinct the regiment of the French King” by “force, violence,
and puissance”
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Charles gets Princess Mary and be coronated HRE
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BUT: CHV wants peace, not prolonged conquest
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Treaty of the More: ended the war with England and France
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Francis had been freed
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Unpopular, dirt thrown at French ambassador’s servant
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g Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Howard
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bad harvest
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Sack of Rome: Pope Clement VII -> control of CHV
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Wolsey attempts to bypass, gets Cardinals to meet at Avignon to make him Papal Vicar General so
he could grant divorce; Compeigne instead, only 4 cardinals, farce
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No money for military operations, Calais garrison unpaid for 9 months
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Margaret Austria arrests English merchants, Wolsey attempts to divert trade to Calais, made
Merchant Adventurers angry
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Economic depression, background of bad harvest
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Fails
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Peace of Cambrai: Francis I + CHV make peace, Henry has to too
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1536:
Death of Catherine of Aragon, removes one source of tension
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1538:
Treaty of Nice: France + CHV
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Pact of Toledo: CHV and Francis cut links with England and withdraw ambassadors
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Act of Six Articles: Lurch back to orthodox Catholicism, perhaps from European pressure
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Offensive and defensive
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Call on Francis to resume French pension
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1544:
Henry invades France
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English privateers attack Spanish shipping
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planning to attack Isle of White, Portsmouth, and then
retake Boulogne
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Henry spends 79 days in France, 67 fighting, direct involvement
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England keep Boulogne until 1554 when France
could buy it back; pension of £50,000 p
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Bishop of Winchester: “Our war is noisome to our realm and to our merchants who traffic through
the narrow seas”
Last 9 years of reign: £2,135,000 expenditure
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Paid by: Monastic land (1542, £770,000), parliamentary taxation (£650,000), forced loan (1542
(£112,000) + 1545 (£119,000)), debased coinage (£363,000), loans from Antwerp
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EDWARD VI
Scotland and France were the main focus of English f
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MARY I
1554:
Choosing marriage:
man would be more eminent than her;
she was 37 y/o, end of childbearing age;
Simon Reynard she was “inexpert in worldly matters and a novice all round”;
Edward Courtenay: good, only domestic option, but spent life locked in tower and unstable
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Wyatt Rebellion: Protestant Wyatt attempted to halt/reverse Spanish marriage
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French ambassador
Nouialles had encouraged plotting
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Robert Tittler: “fear and resentment of the impending Spanish presence”
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Mary marries Philip of Spain: limits placed on his power as King’s consort, they would end when
Mary dies, their child would have England and Netherlands, rest to CHV, England not forced into
Hapsburg-Valois war
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Described Mary as “flabby” and “a perfect saint who dresses badly”
Lots of social tension against Spanish, e
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1555:
Phantom pregnancy
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1557:
Mary declares war against France: France (with Pope Paul IV’s support) Vs Hapsburgs, Philip
pressures her to intervene, council reluctant but Mary wants to support husband, plus French had
been involved in previous conspiracies against Mary, N
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Thomas Stafford declared Mary deposed from a French warship in Scarborough - good excuse for
war
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Influenza hits England
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Philip furious
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Wernham: “Tudor England in 1558 was at its lowest ebb of weakness and demoralisation”,
“England’s small stature against the Leviathans of the continent”
Mary has a second “pregnancy”
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Acknowledges Elizabeth as her
successor
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ELIZABETH I
1558:
Possible marriage to Philip, he says “nothing would make me do this except the clear knowledge
that it might gain the kingdom of England for his His service and faith
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1563:
Philip tells the council of Trent not to depose Elizabeth
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1564:
Treaty of Troyes: End of the embargo
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Sultan Suleiman had previously been exerting
pressure in Austria and Mediterranean
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1567:
Duke of Alva becomes governor of the Netherlands (until 1573)
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Alva: 50,000 men, “I have tamed men of iron, I will soon deal with these men of butter”
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Threat to England because Alva (Cecil says) “is lodged in the very counterscarp of England”
1568:
Revolt in the Moriscos, religious revolts under Spanish control
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(Until 1571)
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Replaced by De Silva, then De Spes
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Anglo-Netherland trade is suspended
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English merchants arrested in Netherlands, Spanish goods seized in England
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San Juan de Ulloa: Hawkins on expedition with 6 ships, attacked by 13 Spanish vessels
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Far from home so okay, but iterates colonial expansion
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1570:
Spanish fleet defeats the Turks at La Panto, naval battle
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Collects £13,000 in the first 2 years
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1572:
Expulsion of the Sea Beggars: Dutch rebel privateers, some Huguenots, some gentry class mostly
peasants, attacking Spanish shipping
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This
meant they were free and attacked Spain directly in Breille in the Netherlands
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Elizabeth didn’t have enough power to fight Spain or support the Dutch
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1573:
Alva recalled, replaced by more moderate Requesens
Drake co-operates with Huguenot privateer, Le Testu, capture a Spanish mule train + £20,000
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Hammer: “cold war between England and Spain thawed into some semblance of renewed
cordiality”
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But temporary
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1575:
Spanish fleet blown into England received cordial treatment
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3-day devastation
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resulted in formation of the United Provinces
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1577:
Drake’s circumnavigation begins: Pressure on Spain, 4 ships + 160 men
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Continues until 1580, return of 4,700%
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Elizabeth considers marrying Francis of Alcenon (Anjou) to control him as French are interested in
United Provinces
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V successful
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Leicester: “the best soldiers at this day in Christendom”
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calls her “evil-minded,
cautious and fickle”
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Only 10 Spanish ships taken by English privateers (1578-81)
1580:
Duke of Alva takes Portugal, establishes Spanish control in Lisbon
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Portugese dominant in New World
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1581:
Elizabeth knights Drake
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Philip receives 18
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English feared Spanish wealth
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1584:
Parma takes Bruges and Ghent
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William of Orange is assassinated: No obvious figurehead
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Maurice of Nassau successor, only 18 y/o
Death of Francis, Duke of Anjou (Alcenon): Huguenot Henry of Navarre heir to childless Henry III
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Philip to support Catholic cause in France and Netherlands, finances League with 50,000 crowns
p
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1585:
Parma takes Antwerp
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Suspicions of Catholic anti-Protestant conspiracy
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• Had been division in Council over intervention
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But soon agreed
Philip’s “insatiable malice” must be resisted
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From the debate in parliament at time, why to intervene with the Low Countries:
• “this perilous time telleth us, that the enemie wil assay to invade us”, fear of Spanish invasion
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• “hir majestie is to looke for no assistance els where”, no allies
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Catholic
link
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1586:
Philip plans invasion of England
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1587:
Pre-emptive attack on Armada by Drake, raids Cadiz
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Drake, Cadiz -> Azores, captures “San Felipe” + £114,000
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1588:
Santa Cruz dies, replaced by Duke of Medina Sidonia
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But, Philip micromanager, ships incorrect for Atlantic meant for Mediterranean
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24/50 infantry companies in the Queen’s pay were dissolved in the Netherlands, couldn’t keep
spending money there
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7 Royal ships, 70 private, 60 Dutch, 19,000 men
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Attempted to put pretender Don Antonio on Portugal throne, which Philip held
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People wanted plunder, Elizabeth: “they went to places more for profit than service”
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Sir Francis De Vere appointed English commander in the Netherlands
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1590:
Parma invades France to aid Catholic League: relieves pressure on Dutch
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Philip II claims throne for his daughter Isabella (gamble, French Salic law
no female monarch)
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1591:
English fleet fail to intercept the flota, “revenge” is captured
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, £80,000 cargo for Elizabeth
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1594:
English troops withdraw from N
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Hammer: it had been a “deep war”, “the emergence of France dramatically expanded and
escalated England’s war against France”
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Drake and Hawkins die on expedition
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Until 1596
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hold it for 2 weeks
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1597:
Earl of Essex + fleet -> N
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Last major maritime expedition under
Elizabeth
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1598:
Philip II dies
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1600:
Battle of Nieuport: 2,400 English troops, Francis de Vere, help Dutch defeat Spanish
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Hammer: “the greatest set-piece battle of its day” and “proof their troops were now equal to any in
Western Europe”
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1604:
Treaty of London: end of Anglo-Spanish conflict

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