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SKELETON REPORT OF SKELETON
GLC060

Skeleton Report of Skeleton GLC060, excavated from the medieval British
site
...
There were no visible pathologies
...


Pathological conditions Slight lumbarisation of the sacral vertebrae
...

Calculus deposits on teeth
...
A palaeopathological examination is
included to provide information for further study and classification of GLC060
...

This report and the investigations within this found that GLC060 is an elderly female, of
approximately 156 – 159 cm (5 foot 2 inches) in height, and 63
...

The skeleton itself shows little pathology, except for dental pathologies, and slight
pathology on the sacrum
...
The reason this skeleton is almost complete is
due to a number of factors, which includes damage to the skull; trephination damage to
the distal portions of the lower limbs; and, in the upper limbs, the carpals and some of
the distal phalanges
...
There also appears to be a number of vertebrae missing from
the skeleton
...
The bones themselves
are light brown in colour and there is not much evidence of any plant related damage
upon them
...

The skeleton itself was in 23
individual bags inside its box
...
The bags containing the
mandible, maxillae, and loose teeth
were all stored in overall bags
...
The side the bone
originated from, in separate bags, sorted
the ribs
...
The os coxae, sacrum, and
coccyx were stored together in one bag
...
Other than these listed bags,
there was one bag containing extra
bone fragments marked minimum
number of individuals, and another
marked extra material, the discussion of
these is included further in this report
...
For GLC060, only ten teeth remained in the maxilla and the mandible,
respectively
...
Otherwise, all
of the teeth were in separate bags, but kept in one large overall bag for teeth
...


Figure 2 - Mandible with Molars in sock ets

Figure 4 -Left Upper and Lower loose teeth

6

Figure 3 - Maxillae with Molars in sock ets

Figure 5 - Right Upper and Lower loose teeth

MINIMUM NUMBER

OF INDIVIDUALS

The minimum number of individuals for GLC060 increased because of the inclusion of
four miscellaneous pieces of bone
...
This makes the minimum number of individuals increase to two
individuals; this is because the bones in this bag were human
...


Figure 6 - Photo of Intermediate and Proximal Phalanges that were
bagged for Minimum Number of Individuals

EXTRA MATERIALS
There was a bag of extraneous material included in the box of the GLC060, including
various items, these included various small pieces of rock, and two fragments of what
appeared to be animal bones (figure 7)
...
Due to the prolific damage to the neurocranium, the
non-metric sex traits of the neurocranium were not included; this is because much of the
neurocranium was missing
...
Furthermore, morphological sex characteristics of the pelvis were included
...
However, the Greater Sciatic Notch for both of the os coxa found them to be
ambiguous
...
Overall, it after these
examination, it can be seen that GLC060 is a probable Female, a brief detail of these
examinations is included in appendix 2
...

Can 2 (21
...
0

2
...
0
BF
BM

-2
...
0

-2
...
0
Can 1 (77
...
0

Figure 8 - Graph from FORDISC showing Ancestry and Sex of GLC060

8

4
...

X-Rays taken of the Mandible show that the root of the third molar (figure 9), which was
still in the mandible, had roots that had fully formed (figure 10)
...
Examination of the level of attrition on the teeth showed that GLC060 is 25
– 35 years of age (Lovejoy, 1985) (figure 2, figure 3, figure 4, and figure 5)
...
Next, examination of age related changes on the os
coxa, the pubic symphysis showed as being 44 – 50 using the Todd (1950) System, and
phase 5, which classifies as aged 48
...
6 years (Suchey,1988; Brooks and Suchey,
1990) (figure 11)
...
In addition to these estimated age range, the sternal rib ends of GLC060
have been examined, these examinations give an estimated age range of from 35 years
to 55 years of age, being stage 5 (Iscan et al, 1986) (figure 13, figure 14)
...


Figure 10 - Zoomed in X-ray showing
complete formation of third molar root

Figure 9 - X-ray of Mandibular Fragments

9

Figure 11 - Photograph showing Pubic Symphysis
for Age Determination

Figure 12 - Photograph showing Left Side Auricular
surface for Age Determination

10

Figure 13 - Photograph showing Right Side Auricular
surface for Age Determination

Figure 14 – Zoomed in Photograph of Sternal rib
ends for Age Determination

Figure 15 - Zoomed in Photograph of Sternal Rib End for Age
Determination

DETERMINATION OF ANCESTRY:
Determination of ancestry often relies on the cranial elements of the skeleton
...
The mandible is not much use
in the determination of ancestry; however, the teeth are useful in identification of
ancestry
...
This system was employed for GLC060, and has been classified as a white
individual, to 856 points (appendix 3)
...
In addition to this, discriminant function
analyses based on the long bone lengths of the humerus, radius, ulna and femur; and
the femoral head vertical diameter, the humeral head diameter, and the diaphysis
circumference of the femur
...


11

DETERMINATION OF STATURE:
Some stature determination formulae conducted were using FORDISC; the analyses
calculated that GLC060 was of approximately 159cm in height (table)
...
The femoral
lengths of both the left and right sides were the same; therefore, the results of the
calculations were the same, so further exploration of differences did not continue any
further
...
09cm (Trotter et al, 1952), and 156
...
Overall, stature estimation is between 156cm and
159cm (appendix 3)
...
For the right hand side, the measurement for the vertical
femoral head diameter are found to be 44
...
43kg (Grine et al, 1995) and
65
...
For the left hand side, the measurement for the vertical femoral
head diameter are found to be 43
...
61 (Grine et al, 1995) and 63
...
These
calculations show that the body mass of GLC060 in life was probably between 62
...
57kg (appendix 3)
...
It
has a small degree of lumbarization on the sacral vertebrae, and several dental
pathologies
...
Either fusion of this sacral vertebrae has not been completed, or a border shift from
sacral vertebrae one, this would have appeared to have been active during GLC060’s
life
...
Firstly, there is almost complete alveolar resorption on the
fourth premolar sites of both sides of the mandible
...
In addition to these dental pathologies, there were observations of slight enamel
hypoplasia (Goodman and Armegalos, 1989) on the on both upper and lower canines of
12

GLC060 (figure 18, figure 19)
...
These xrays are included (figure 20, figure 21), but neither of the x-rays showed any signs of
developmental Harris lines
...
This woman was most likely 159cm (5 foot 2 inches) tall, and up to 65
...
The state of the skeleton itself shows that the woman was probably in good
health, with little pathology present excluding that on the skeleton’s dentition
...


CONCLUSIONS
The aim of this report was to construct a biological profile for the skeleton of GLC060,
excavated at St Owen’s Church, Southgate Street, Gloucester
...
A biological profile of the
skeleton is included with photographic evidence to support it
...
It is
predicted GLC060 to have been 159cm at her tallest, and to have weighed up to
65
...

Most of GLC060’s pathologies were dental, beyond this, only slight lumbarization of
some sacral vertebrae is noted
...


15

BIBLIOGRAPHY
AlQahtani, S, J, Hector, M, P, Liversidge, H, M,
(2010)
...

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
...

Baker, S, J, Gill, G, W, Kieffer, D, A, (1990)
...
IN: Gill
G,W, Rhine, S, (ed
...

Universirty of New Mexico
...
97–99

eversion as morphologic indicators of sex
...

Lovejoy, C
...
, Meindl, R
...
, Mensforth, R
...
, &
Barton, T
...
(1985)
...
American Journal of Physical
Anthropology, 68(1), 1 – 14
...
O
...
Age at Death
...
Anterior
Femoral Curvature revistited:Race Assessment
from the Femur
...

44: 700–707
...
, Graw, M
...
, Hubig, M
...


Barnes, E, (1994)
...
University
Press of Colorado
...


Phenice, T
...


Brooks , S
...
(1990), Skeletal Age
Determination Based on The Os Pubis: A
Comparison of The Acsaidi-Nemeskeri and
Suchey-Brooks Methods, Human Evolution,
5:222-223
...
Articular
and diaphyseal remodeling of the proximal femur
with changes in body mass in adults
...


Buikstra, J
...
(1994), Standards for
Data Collection From Human Skeletal Remains,
Fayetteville, Arkansas Archaeological Survey
Report Number 44
...
A Metric Technique
for identifying American Indian femora
...
): Skeletal Attribution of Race
...
Maxwell Museum of
Anthropology, Albuquerque
...

Goodman, A, Armelagos, G, (1989)
...
World Archaeology
21, no
...

Genoves S, (1967)
...
American Journal of Physical
Anthropology 26:67–78
...
Fossil Homo femur from Berg
Aukas, northern Namibia
...

HTTP://FAC
...
EDU /FORDISC
...
M
...
Instructions for use of the
Suchey-Brooks system for age determination of
the female os pubis
...
Fort Collins,
Colorado: France Casting
...
Anterior Femoral
Curvature: Its Utility for race identification
...
34: 49–62
...
(1979), Essentials of Forensic
Anthropology, Thomas Publishing, USA
...
C
...
Estimation of
stature from long bones of American whites and
Negroes
...

Turner C, G, Nicholl, C, R, Scott, G, R, (1991)
...

Advances In Dental Anthropology
...


Ryan Broadley

APPENDIX 1
Skeletal Inventory Diagram

Skeleton number: GLC060
Recorded by: Ryan Broadley
Date: 13/02/2015 – 20/02/2015

17

APPENDIX 2
Dental Inventory

Skeleton number GLC060
Date 20/02/2015
Recorded by Ryan Broadley
Loose teeth 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 43, 44
...

th
Alveolar resorption has occurred on the lower 4
premolar (34, 44) position

18

Tooth
number
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Description
Missing
...
Not much occlusal wear
...
Dentine exposure noted
...

Slight occlusal wear on tooth
...

Calculus build on buccal surface
...

Large amount of occlusal wear
...
Calculus build up on buccal
surface
...
Calculus deposits noted mesially
...


Tooth
Description
number
21
Missing
...

23
Very chipped
...
Slight calculus build up
...

24
Calculus build up distally
...

25
Calculus build up disto-mesially
...

26
Large amount of calculus build up, bucco-disto-mesially
...

27
Calculus deposits mesially
...

Tooth
number
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Tooth
number
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
19

Description
Attritial wear leading to exposed dentine on occlusal and labial surfaces
...
Dentine is exposed
...
Occlusal wear leading to dentine exposure
Calculus on linguo-distal surface
...

Missing
...
Other occlusal wear evident
...

Slight occlusal wear with caries
...
Caries on tooth surfaces
...

Calculus on the lingual surface
...

Occlusal wear leading to dentine exposure
...

Attritial damage/mechanical wear –chipped
...

Missing
...
Wear on occlusal surface leading to dentine exposure
...
Calculus on mesiolingual surface
...


APPENDIX 3
Biological Profile

Landmark Method

Score

Sex

Gonial Angle (KemkesGracile
Grottenthaler et al,
2002)
Mental Eminence (Walker, in:
2
Buikstra and
Ubelaker, 1994)
Ventral Arc (Phenice, 1969)
Evenly arched
Subpubic
Concavity
Medial Aspect of
the Ischiopubic
Ramus
Femoral Head
Measurement
Greater Sciatic
Notch

Female

Female

Female

(Phenice, 1969)

Concave

Female

(Phenice, 1969)

Pinched

Female

(Stewart 1979;
Mall et al, 200)
(Walker, in:
Buikstra and
Ubelaker, 1994)

44
...
7mm
3

Female
Female
Indeterminate

Landmark Method
Auricular Surface (Lovejoy et al,
1985)
Sternal Rib End (Iscan et al, 2986)

Phase
6

Age
45 – 49 years

5–6

35 – 55 years

Pubic Symphysis (Todd, 1920;
Brooks and
Suchey, 1990)
Attrition of Teeth (Lovejoy, 1985)

9
5

44 – 50 years
48
...
6 years

G

35 – 40 years

Third Molar Root (AlQahtani et al,
Formation 2010)

Formed

21+

Probable sex: Female

Maximum age range: 35- 55

20

Minimum Age Range: 44 – 49

Landmark Method
Anterior Curvature
of the Femur
Proximal
Diaphysis Shape
of the Femur
Intercondylar
notch depth of the
Femur

(Stewart, 1962;
Ballard, 1999)
(Gilbert and Gill,
1990)

Ancestry

Curved

European

Rounded

European

(Baker et al, 1990) Shallow

Probable Ancestry: European

21

Score

European

Method Bone
Trotter and Femur
Gleser
(1952) Femur

Side
Right

Measurement
42
...
1cm

Genóves Femur
(1967)

Right

42
...
1cm

Femur

Equation
(2
...
1)
+ 54
...
47 x 42
...
10
(2
...
1
+ 49
...
5
(2
...
1
+ 49
...
5

Stature/ cm
158
...
57

158
...
28

156
...
3 – 158
...
5cm

Left

43
...
5cm

Left

43
...
426 x 44
...
1) x
...
426 x
43
...
1)
x
...
268 x
44
...
5
(2
...
7) - 36
...
6 – 65
...
825

64
...
612

APPENDIX 4
Results of FORDISC
From Group Total Number
BF 33
BM 89

Into Group
BF
BM
20
1
3
67

Percent Correct
WF WM
12
0
1
18

60
...
3 %

WF 195
43
2
142 8
72
...
0 %
Total Correct:
578 out of 770 (75
...
0

Probabilities
Posterior
0
...
134

0
...
117

15
...
9

0
...
000

0
...
001

0
...
000

0
...
009

303
...
000

0
...
000

0
...
5
93
...
6
68
FEMEBR
68
-72
...
4
75
...
5
FEMHDD
44
41
...
2
42
...
3
FEMXLN
421
437
...
1
437
...
0
HUMHDD
42
40
...
1
42
...
0
HUMXLN
292
305
...
6
305
...
0
RADXLN
216
233
...
4
227
...
2
ULNXLN
232
251
...
1
243
...
3
+/- measurement deviates higher/lower than all group means; ++/-- deviates one to two
STDEVs
+++/--- deviates two to three STDEVs; ++++/---- deviates at least three STDEVs
Natural Log of VCVM Determinant = 24
...
1 FEMXLN

Value Point
Lower
Estimation 90%

Upper
90%

N

421

167
...
25131 53
...
0

Results: WHITE Female, 159
...


24

150
...
540



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