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• Unit 12 pt
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‣ Take the third principal part and drop the i
‣ Replace with the following endings:
• erim
-erimus
-eris
-eritis
-erit

-erint

• Note that with the exception of the first person singular, these endings are
identical to the future perfect indicaive
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◦The Perfect Subjunctive - Passive Voice
‣ In the passive voice, the perfect subjunctive is formed using the fourth principal part
and the present subjunctive forms of sum, esse
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‣ Ex: loquor, loqui, locutus sum
• Locutus sim Locuti simus
Locutus sis
Locuti sitis
Locutus sit
Locuti sint
◦ The Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
‣ The pluperfect subjunctive is formed using the perfect active infinitive as its base
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◦Example: impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatus
‣ Imperavī → imperav- → imperavisse• Imperavissem
Imperavissemus
Imperavisses Imperavissetis
Imperavisset Imperavissent
◦The Pluperfect Subjunctive - Passive Voice
‣ The Pluperfect Subjunctive in the passive voice is formed using the fourth principal
part with the imperfect subjunctive forms of sum, esse
‣ Ex:

• augeo, augere, auxi, auctus (to increase)

◦Actus essem Acti essemus
Actus esses Acti essetis
Actus esset Acti essent
◦The Pluperfect Subjunctive - Deponent Verbs
‣ A deponent verb is conjugated in the pluperfect subjunctive using the perfect active
participle (from the third principal part) and the imperfect subjunctive forms of sum,
esse
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2- Fearing Clauses
• Fearing Clauses
◦A fearing clause is a subordinate noun clause that expresses the thing that is feared in the
main clause
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-fear
‣ Timor, timoris, M
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not” or ne, which
here is translated as “that"
‣ Ut = you fear that the thing that you want to have happen will not
‣ Ne = you fear that the thing that you DO NOT want to have happen will
• Ex 1: Cassandra timet ne Helena Troiam excidat
◦Cassandra is afraid that Helen will/may destroy Troy
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◦Thetis was fearing that Achilles would/might die in war
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• Direct Question:
◦Quid agit Iulia?-------> What is Julia doing?
• Indirect Question:
◦Mater rogat quid Iulia agat--------> Mother asks what Julia is doing
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‣ E
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• num- whether
• quis, quis quid- who, what
• quae, quod- which
• quomodo- how
• quando- when (question)
• cur- why
• ubi- where (statement)
‣ Ex
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• Cicero asked why Catiline had not yet been punished
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2- Scisne quando pater noster redeat?
• Do you know where our father may/will return
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‣ For our purposes, we will ALWAYS use the subjunctive when writing cum clauses, but
we will sometimes encounter ones that use the indicative
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‣ Ex
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• Caesar, when he had led the soldiers across the river, proceeded to Rome
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2- Cum Romani reges vereantur, senatores Caesarem occidere volunt
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‣ Ex
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• People were rejoicing in the streets because the emperor was giving bread and
games
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◦ allows us to create a verb form that expresses an action that is about to happen, whether
it is in the past, present or future
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1: Pueri dormituri erant ubi magnum sonitum audiverunt
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‣ Ex
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• Because the mistress is about to return, the slave women are working hard
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‣ Ex
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• We were afraid that that king would send soldiers to our town
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‣ Metuebamus ne iste rex milites ad oppidum nostrum mitteret
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We were afraid

that that king was sending soldiers to our town
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B
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• Unit 14- Infinitives
◦Infinitives
‣ An infinitive is a verbal noun
‣ Infinitives have tense and voice
‣ Infinitives come in the same three tenses as participles:
• Perfect
• Present
• Future
◦Present Active Infinitive
‣ The second principle part is the present active infinitive
‣ Translated “to ________________”
• amo, amare, amavi, amatus → amare = to love
• loquor, loqui, locutus sum → loquere = to speak
◦Present Passive Infinitive
‣ First, Second, and Fourth Conjugations:
• Drop the final -e from the present active infinitive and replace it with an -ī
◦video, videre, vidi, visus → videri = to be seen
‣ Third Conjugation:
• Drop the final -ere from the present active infinitive and replace it with an -ī
◦rego, regere, rexi, rectus → regi = to be ruled
◦Perfect Active Infinitive
‣ Start with the third principal part
‣ Drop the -ī
‣ Add -isse
‣ Translated “to have _________________”
• video, videre, vidi, visus → vidīsse --> to have seen
◦Perfect Passive Infinitive
‣ Fourth principal part with esse
‣ Translated as “to have been ___________________”
• rego, regere, rexi, rectus → rectus esse = to have been ruled
◦Perfect Active Infinitive - Deponent
‣ Third principal part minus sum
‣ Add esse
‣ Translated “to have ___________________”
• loquor, loqui, locutus sum → locutus esse = to have spoken
◦Future Active Infinitive
‣ Future active participle with esse
‣ Translated as “to be about to_______________”
• video, videre, vidi, visus → visurus esse = to be about to see
• loquor, loqui, locutus sum → locuturus esse = to be about to speak

• Indirect Statements
◦INDIRECT STATEMENT
‣ Ex: The consul says that Caesar conquered the province
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Nominative Subject
‣ May be explicitly stated, or may be implied based on the person and number of the head
verb
• Subject of the main clause
◦2
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e
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Subject Accusative
‣ does the action of the subordinate verb
‣ subject of the noun clause
‣ goes in the accusative case
‣ can NOT be implied by a verb if it is a pronoun
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‣ Caesar is the Subject Accusative, so it goes in the accusative case
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Infinitive
‣ The action in the indirect statement is conveyed through an infinitive NOT a conjugated
verb
‣ The infinitive is translated into English using a conjugated verb
◦



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