Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Earth’s core
-Gravity is forcible enough to compress the core
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-The sun produces only a single chemical element helium over and over again
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Bill Nye Video​:
-Until the end of the Second World War, most scientists imagined the ocean floor to look flat
with no sediment
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-The average seafloor depth is about 4000-5000 ft deep
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-Hess discovered that molten lava erupted along the mid-ocean ridges, creating new seafloor
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He named the term,
“seafloor spreading”
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Constructing Earthquakes​:
When humans make engineering buildings, the Earthquake always knock the buildings
down
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In order to make a
building earthquake-proof, the building must have a diaphragms placed on their deck strengthen
horizontally, trusses to strengthen the diaphragms, cross braces to incorporate two diagonal
sections in an X-shape to build wall trusses, shear walls to help resist swaying forces, momentresisting frames allows positive movement, and a lighter roof
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Earth Formation and Planetary Cooling:
Earth was formed 4
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The first rock formed is chondrite meteorite which was formed 4,568,200,000 years ago
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If the meteorite
chondrites took 100 million years to cool and form a rock, so as the planet because meteorite
chondrite is the first rock on earth
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The earth will take 650 million years years to accrete and cool
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Earth’s rock was formed 3,950,000,000 years ago
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The Earth would still be the same and would
still form rocks by Earth’s rock but it will accrete and cool a little late
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What geological evidence supports the idea that there was once one large land
mass called Pangaea?
Fossils supports the idea that there was once one large land mass called
Pangaea
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How does fossil evidence support the theory that this supercontinent existed?
Fossils of animals and plants in Antarctica were compared closely to other fossils
from different continents
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3
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4
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The continents fit into one large continent, they found similar fossils from different
continents, and mountains trace from two continents
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This is because it
is common and gains a lot of consequences in the US and around the world
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During a drought, farmers are having a hard
time making their mortgage payments because of losing their crops and production which
makes their business to fail
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Mantle Convection​:
- It is a movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense
material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which
consequently results in transfer of heat
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- The intense heat in the Earth’s core causes molten rock in the mantle layer to move
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Which two complementary forces keep the Sun from blowing itself up?
Fusion and gravity
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What forces cause the Sun’s magnetic field to become both stronger and more
tangled? How do these changes influence solar activity and the potential for
powerful solar storms?
The equator of the sun rotates faster than the north and south pole, causing the
magnetic field tangled
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What’s the most vital function of Earth’s magnetic field?
It deflects the sun’s solar wind
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Which wavelength of visible light carries the least energy? Which wavelength of
visible light carries the most energy?
Ultraviolet light carries the most energy
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Sun:
● the sun is a star in the center of the solar system
● it is 109 times bigger than the earth(1,392,684km)
● three quarters of the Sun’s mass consists of hydrogen,while the rest is mostly
helium
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9% the luminosity of the sun
● it is 4
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Then
it collides into a protoplanet
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The sun starts to give out energy
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The rest of the gas gets blown away by the solar wind
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The sun’s gravity would’ve drawn material from the diffuse atmosphere of
the protostar
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● The Solar Nebula Theory: It begins with a slow rotating nebula
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● The Modern Laplacian Theory: The central condensation contains solid,
dust, and grains
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The
core has been slowing down its temperature rises and the dust is evaporated
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The planets form from the fast
rotating cloud
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I believe that
the solar system was started by clouds with dust, and particles made up of atoms
like hydrogen or any other elements
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Maybe the particles collapse making planets like Earth filled up
with water because of the particles hydrogen and oxygen combined
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What would the Earth look like without the biosphere and atmosphere?
It would look like the moon, dried and rocky
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What are plates?
Plates are land or the surface of the earth
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How fast are the plates moving?
They move pretty slow, the speed of fingernails grows
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What happens at the ridges?
It sinks back down into the mantle at a deep sea trench
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5
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The subduction zone causes
the plates to push downwards underneath the crust, the mantle
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6
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The breakdown of radioactive elements like uranium
heats the Earth’s interior
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Describe how convection takes place in the mantle
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8
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This rises the materials causing
seafloor spreading
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How does seafloor spreading move plates?
From the convection in the mantle, the movement of the convection moves plates
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The magma from the mantle is so hot that it can melt through the lithosphere making
a dome on the crust
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As this continues to push outwards more, it causes a mid-ocean
ridge
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Types of Tectonic Plate Boundaries:
1
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2
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Divergent boundary: moves apart, spread
Oceanic convergent boundary: slides under the continental plate
Continental convergent boundary: collides, pushes the continental plate upward
Transform boundary: slide against the other continental plate
3
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New crust is constantly being formed but when plates shift
one get pushed underneath and melted back down
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Why are continental volcanoes associated with oceanic-continental convergent
boundaries?
Because oceanic continental convergent boundary slides down to the continental plate
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This is how volcanoes erupt lava because of the
oceanic convergent boundary pushing the lava upwards
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Why are the Appalachian Mountains not as high as the Himalayan Mountains even
though they were formed in the same way?
The Appalachian Mountain has no boundaries near it
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Probably the earthquake drifted the plates to make Himalayan Mountains higher
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Why do scientists predict that Los Angeles will be north of San Francisco in 16 million
years?
Scientists believed that part of California may fall into the ocean due to the plate boundaries
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Big Bang Timeline:
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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During before 3 minutes, the universe
was too hot
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It should have been like only space and stars before the big bang and then planets and
galaxies were made after
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Gravity makes hydrogen and helium gas coalesce to form the giant clouds that will
become galaxies; smaller clumps of gas collapsed to form the first star
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Maybe when stars explode, they spew out gases causing those exploded gases to make
new ones but instead multiple of them
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This is
the best astronomy theory to figure out how the big bang started
or how it created matter and the universe
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The big bang theory is about a theory of how the
universe was born
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How do they even know when it started? This is why it is so
hard scientist are still researching even now
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There are many
problems with this theory
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But we still want to believe it
is true but there was no evidence of where it appear, why, or
how
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Freshwater:
- About 30% of all freshwater is easily accessible by humans
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- There might be not enough freshwater in the future because there are too many salt
water in the ocean and it might be increasing
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- Water is considered a renewable resource because the water keeps evaporating, being
collected into the atmosphere and then later comes back to earth’s land
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This is what makes water
considered a renewable resource
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We use water to clean, to drink,
and to make food
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- gravel, sand, silt, and clay have different permeability
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- Bedrock has very low porosity and very low permeability
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Since it is the last layer of rocks, it must be very strong
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- Pumice has high porosity and high permeability
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If it has high porosity, then it must
have high permeability
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- The movement of the water is like finding a way to the deeper ground
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- Unconfined aquifer could potentially provide a sustainable source of water (a water
source that will not run out and will consistently supply usable amounts of water) It has
no low permeability rocks covering or blocking the rocks so the water can go through
and be stored rapidly

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