Notesale: Turn your study into money

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 Science,  Technology  and  “Progress”  in  the  Gilded  Age  America  
→ Domestic  tensions  between  cultures  
Continental  market  of  American  goods  (domestic)  
→ No  worries  about  custom  barriers,  tariffs,  etc
...
 Science,  Technology  and  “Progress”  in  the  Gilded  Age  America  
→ New  skills  and  new  professionalisms  (secretary)  
→ Became  women’s  work  along  with  telephone  operators  
o Assumption  about  capacity  of  women  
o New  opportunities  for  women  
o Fast  paced  work  schedule  and  expectations  
o Loss  of  worker  input  
o Passive  type  of  work:  women  are  inferior;  they  take  orders  
o Waste  of  time  for  men  
o Women  are  easily  disciplined  
o Women  have  no  upward  aspirations  
o Cheap  labour  
o (telephone  operators  only)  womens’  voices  sounded  better  
• Agricultural  Inventions  
→ Production  and  quantity  grow  
→ Greater  efficiency,  increased  productivity  
Barbed  Wire  
• Human  population  in  prairies  operated  under  law  of  open  range  
→ Cowboys  and  cows  had  free  access  to  water  and  fields  
• In  1862,  after  Civil  War,  homestead  act  is  passed  
→ Gives  white  settlers  cheap  land  in  exchange  for  their  labour  
→ Intended  for  Westward  Expansion  
→ Settlers  had  to  deal  with  law  of  open  range  
→ Important  to  fence  farm  to  keep  out  free  roaming  cows  and  Indians  
o No  trees,  so  wood  is  scarce;  no  wood  for  fences  
o Hedges  are  used,  but  it  doesn't  do  much  
o Effort  to  use  smooth  wire,  and  works  for  a  while  
◊ Texas  Long  Horn  Cows  can  easily  go  around  it  
◊ Sags  in  summer,  brittle  in  winter  (because  it’s  iron)  
o In  1873,  Joseph  Bladen  comes  up  with  best  design  for  use  of  
barbed  wire  (made  of  steel)  
• Advantages:  
→ Inexpensive  
→ Labour  efficient  in  putting  in  place  
→ Commonly  available  
→ Successful  in  doing  what  it’s  supposed  to  do  
• Problems:  
→ Cattle  and  Cowboys:    no  more  roaming  cows;  lots  of  trials  
→ Barbed  Wire  War  (between  Cowboys  and  Settlers):    cutting  of  wire,  
shooting,  etc
...
 Science,  Technology  and  “Progress”  in  the  Gilded  Age  America  
• Barbed  wire  is  now  a  norm,  huge  instrument  of  ‘progress’  
Communications  
• Began  with  telegraphy  
→ Duplex  system  
→ Telegraphic  printing  system  
→ Ticker  machines  
o Allowed  for  faster  and  more  exact  sales  
→ Western  Union:  owned  90%  of  all  telegraphic  lines  
• Media’s  dissemination  of  information  
→ News  and  weather  
• Better  co-­‐ordination  of  sales  
• Worldwide  
Thomas  Edison    
• Claims  to  have  invented  a  duplex  (an  apparatus  to  send  two  messages,  one  in  
either  direction,  on  the  same  wire  simultaneously)  
• Incandescent  light  bulb  
• Created  the  Edison  Universal  Stock  Printer  in  1871  
• Devised  both  the  duplex  and  quadruplex  telegraphs  in  1873  
• Establishes  world’s  first  industrial  research  laboratory  in  1876  
• Worked  on  the  electromotograph,  acoustic  telegraph,  autographic  telegraph,  
speaking  telegraph,  electric  pen,  mimeograph,  electrical  dental  drill  and  
electric  sewing  machine  
• Invented  phonograph  in  1877  
• Formed  Edison  Electric  Light  Company  in  1878  
• Conceived  idea  of  moving,  talking  pictures    
Alexander  Graham  Bell  
• Telephone  was  most  famous  invention;  patented  on  March  7,  1876  
→ Importance:    
o Instantaneous  verbal  communication  
o Dialogue  
o Connect  one  part  of  a  country  to  another  
→ Disadvantages:  
o Expensive  (early  on)  
o Only  1  in  66  had  telephones  in  1900’s  
• Faced  a  lot  of  legal  hurdles  
Transportations:  
• Streetcar/Tram  
→ Important  by  1800’s  
→ Horizontal  expansion  of  the  city:  allows  for  suburbia  to  exist  
→ Cable  cars  also  date  to  this  time  period  
• Automobile  
→ Not  significant  without  internal  combustion  engine  
→ Has  an  impact  by  1880’s  and  1890’s  
→ First  experiment:  horseless  carriage,  in  Germany  by  Benz  and  Daimler  

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5  hours  to  make  a  car,  while  others  needed  
700  hours  
o 57%  of  all  automobiles  are  Ford  Model  T’s  
o Produced  cars  every  24  seconds  
→ Electric  cars  did  not  become  popular  because  the  batteries  didn't  last  
→ Importance:  
o Highways,  new  kinds  of  road  systems:  linkages  
o You  can  go  anywhere,  as  long  as  there’s  a  road  
o Parking  lots,  gas  stations,  etc
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 Science,  Technology  and  “Progress”  in  the  Gilded  Age  America  
→ Nikola  Tesla  
o Patented  his  AC  motors  and  power  systems  
o Invented  powerful  coil  that  was  capable  of  generating  high  
voltages  and  frequencies  (x-­‐rays,  new  forms  of  light)  
• Electricity  was  here  to  stay  
→ Electric  instruments,  electric  chair,  technologically  centric  
New  Progress  
• Petroleum  
→ Grease  for  wagons  and  tools  
→ Medicine  
→ Paint  
→ Lamps:  1860,  crude  oil,  coal  oil  (kerosene)  replaced  whale  oils,  as  it  
was  becoming  scarce  
→ Oil  well  drilled  in  America  
→ Crude  oil  was  used  as  liquid  fuel  for  the  internal  combustion  engine  
→ Becomes  popular  and  huge  exponentially    
→ Increased  use  of  it  in  1900  
→ Mexico  becomes  a  great  source  of  it  
→ Huge  importance  during  WW1  
• Steel  industry  
→ Problematic  and  expensive  to  make  
→ Andrew  Carnegie  solved  this  problem  
→ Hard,  yet  malleable  and  flexible  
→ Used  for  railroads,  bridges,  Effie  Tower  
Mass  Marketing    
• Professional  selling  on  a  large  scale  
• Heinz  57:  tomato  ketchup  company  
→ Called  it  ‘Heinz  57’  because  it  rang  a  bell,  no  other  significance  in  
name  
• Brand  recognition  
• Selling  opportunities  and  ideas  
• Professional  advertising  agencies  
→ N
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 Ayer  &  Son,  founded  by  Francis  Ayer  in  1869  
• Mass  leads  to  mass  marketing    

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