Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MANUAL ROTARY PADDY WEEDER
MACHINE

DECLARATION
I, TWIZEYIMANA Valens declare that the work presented in this research project written by me
and obviously a record of my design, construction work
...
Our own project has not been submitted for any
degree in any other University /Institution of higher Learning and that all the sources of
information here in contained have been duly acknowledged
...
Date………………
...


With my heart full of joy, I also appreciate the support and help of my lovely mum, an
inestimable woman, Mrs
...
M , outstanding dad Mr
...
J
...
V and peaceful
family of Mr
...
Ph who made me to know practically that with God all are possible
...
Das DEEPAK in CAVM and also I will never forget my nice supervisor,
Mr
...
From his guidance, I gained incredible
knowledge and research skills concerned with workshop practice and fabrication manual rotary
paddy weeder
...


Above all, I will like to express my profound gratitude to all lecturers of Agriculture
Mechanization for their advices, their encouragement and supports throughout my studying in
CAVM; you are like special to me, and other that assisted me on my project that I did remember
their name, thank you all
...
which results in unnecessary time consumption, extra labour cost, more power
requirement
...
However,
weeding method is still not well developed up to mechanization
...
Weeding ability will be
optimized by weeding one row in one oparation
...


The one-action weeding drums will be driven by one labor, that can enable removal of weeds,
while facilitating the forward motion of the machine
...
Totally two drums will be
used, in such a way that rear one drums have same angular velocity with respect to the front
...
The 6cm left is
to make weeder move between the row without dameging the paddy
...

Further, a significant improvement of weeding quality is also expected in this design
...


iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION
...
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
...
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
...
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
...
ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
...
1
...
1
1
...
History of the weeder
...
3
...
3
1
...
Importance of the project
...
5
...
3
1
...
Advantages of the project
...
7
...
4
1
...
Specific objective of the project
...
9
...
5
1
...
Advantage of the weeder
...
5
2
...
Introduction
...
2
...
6
2
...
Ergonomics
...
4
...
7
2
...
1
...
7
2
...
2
...
7
v

2
...
3
...
7
2
...
4
...
7
2
...
Some issues which were identified in weeding operations/weeders
...
6
...
8
2
...
1
...
8
2
...
2
...
9
2
...
3
...
9
2
...
4
...
10
2
...
5
...
11
2
...
6
...
11
2
...
7
...
11
2
...
8
...
12
2
...
Weeds and recommendations regarding weeders
...
8
...
15
2
...
Weeding
...
10
...
16
2
...
Weeder-impact on yield
...
12
...
17
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT MANUAL
...
17
3
...
Materials selected to use
...
2
...
21
3
...
Methodology and methods
...
4
...
22
3
...
1
...
23
3
...
2
...
24
3
...
3
...
25
3
...
Welding activities
...
6
...
27
3
...
Assembling process of paddy weeder
...
8
...
29
3
...
1
...
29
3
...
2
...
29
3
...
3
...
29
vi

3
...
4
...
29
3
...
5
...
30
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
...
1
...
31
4
...
Discussions
...
3
...
34
4
...
1
...
34
4
...
2
...
35
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
...
1
...
35
5
...
Recommendations
...
37
Bibliography
...
38
APPANDICES
...
31
Table 2: Weight of Different Paddy Weeder
...
2
Figure 2: Different Manual Paddy Weeder
...
20
Figure 4: dimension of the shaft
...
25
Figure 6 : Dimension of spike
...
26
Figure 8: Welding places
...
28
Figure 10: The rotor blade and skid
...
32
Figure 12: Comparison Weight of Manual Paddy Weeder with Owner Weeder
...
As a result, the temperatures are generally low
...
Temperatures are much lower in
lowlands producing areas
...

Susceptibility to low temperature is most severe following late planting leading to coincidence of
booting and flowering stage with extreme low temperature of May-June and NovemberDecember
...
It is very prominent in all rice production schemes where there are no dams provided,
and during the dry periods in nearly (99 %) all schemes
1
...
System of rice intensification (sri)
Rice is one of the major food crops
...

Food habits, market price and other related factors are encouraging people to grow rice wherever
water is available
...
These
factors either indepenedently or collectively are pushing the farmers slowly into crisis
...

Introduced by innovative farmers in Madagascar in early 1980s, now thisis being practiced in
many countries
...
And the productivity isusually more than the
conventional rice cultivation
...
Simultaneous removal of weeds in several weeding areas is a key
requirement for efficient operation
...
The major mechanical engineering
considerations in the design are:Driving mechanism, Weeding mechanism, Turning and row
changing mechanism, Floating mechanism
...
2
...
To use
this implement it is necessary that paddy is planted in rows and there should be at least water
level in the field for the implement to work satisfactorily
Rotary weeder used in India and demonstrated in cuber, Weeder being used in SRI
demonstrations in Senegal
...
It does not require more upper-body strength than a woman can
provide
...


2

Simplest weeder design association tefy saina, Madagascar no moving parts two person
operation considered to be very thorough and quick
...

1
...
Man as a source of power
Human power: Human power is an important source for operating small implements and tools
...
On an average a man can develop maximum power of about
75 watts or 0
...
In some instances manual labor is still more efficient than
machine
1
...
Importance of the project
Manual rotary paddy weeder is Suitable for the cultivation of paddy by adopting to row method,
these weeders completely removes weeds, prunes the roots and maximize the tiller growth
...
Which is used in weeding rice? Sometimes peoples think that it is hard work but as
country developed the people have to think how the hard works become easy
...
They will help to achieve the working principals of the
work shop
...

1
...
Why project is needed?
This project will show that as student finish his studies in agriculture mechanization has
capability design and fabricate machines use in agriculture work according to the problems
Rwandan farmers have in agriculture operation

3

This project will help to understood the brain in fabrication of some materials like bending tools
and driller which will help in fabrication of rotary paddy machine
Weeders for use with SRI-alternative Designs to save labor time and energy
...
6
...

o After project success, Academic school will have moral that their students finish
his studies in Agriculture Mechanization have capability to fabricate the
agriculture machine
...


o The project will show that there is agriculture machine which is easy to fabricate
by the student with own capability
...
The weeder when
pushed, moves on the rotating tines, churns the soil and lifts the weed
...
7
...

1
...
Specific objective of the project
 Design and fabrication of rotor and spikes
 Design and fabrication of frames
 Design and fabrication of handle and skids
 simple in design so that it can be easily built with less weight

4

1
...
Project justification
Presently in RWANDA, weeding with simple tools such as cutlass, hoe etc is labour intensive
and intensive and time consuming
...
One of the problems in rice
production is poor weed control; hence there is need of mechanical weeder to increase the
production of these products
...
This can be reduced time and employing cost using tools
weeder
...
10
...

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURES
2
...
Introduction
Weed removal is one of the major activities in agriculture
...
However, its adverse effects on the
environment are making farmers to consider and accept mechanical methods of weed control
...
But these chemicals
used for weeding are harmful to living organisms and toxic in nature
...
The need of replace the use of
herbicides with moresustainable weed control techniques encouraged the definition of innovative
physical weed control strategies
...
Weed removal by mechanical method is one the methods
frequently used these to remove weeds from theagricultural fields
...
Weeding Machine
designed and developed with intent of being operated in specific crops like rice
...

Weeding machines like one row walking type were developed and successfully to remove weeds
from rice
...
Studies have been conducted on the effect of moisture content
and the type of cutting blades like flat blades, spike tooth blade curved blades on the
performance of weeding machines
...

2
...
What is machine design
Application of science and technology to device new improved products Product is any
manufactured item including machine,stucture,too and instrument
...
3
...
Ergonomists draw on the principles of industrial engineering, psychology,
anthropometry (the science of human measurement), and biomechanics (the study of muscular
activity) to adapt the design of products and workplaces to people’s sizes and shapes and their
physical strengths and limitations
...
Armed with this complete picture of how humans interact with their
environment, ergonomists develop the best possible design for products and systems, ranging
from the handle of a toothbrush to the flight deck of the space shuttle
...
Humans are not as strong as machines, nor can they
calculate as quickly and accurately as computers
...

But machines are also limited cars cannot repair themselves, computers donot speak or hear as
well as people do, and machines cannot adapt to unexpected situations as well as humans
...

2
...
What to look for in weeder design and fabrication
2
...
1
...
4
...
Length:
o Should be appropriate to the height of the person who operates it
...

o Proper length avoids the need for either bending forward or lifting the hands to push the
weeder
...
4
...
Ideal rod type:
Should have mechanism for adjusting the length
Shape
o Facilitate easy and free forward movement of the weeder
...

o The gravity factor should reduce the downward force on the wheels and float
2
...
4
...


7

o Design should be simple so that it can be manufactured locally and in a decentralized
manner
...
5
...
Should have some arrangement to avoid mud stucking in between the teeth/spikes
2
...
Need of safeguarding the operator,
4
...
Should be made all weather-proof and durable, and
6
...
6
...
6
...
Cono Weeder (Paddy Weeder / Rice Weeder)
The weeder consists of two rotors, float, frame and handle
...
The rotors are151 mounted
in tandem with opposite orientation
...
The float controls working depth and does not allow rotor assembly to sink in the
puddle
...
The orientation of rotorscreate a back and
forth movement in the top 3 cm of soil
...

 The weed will become MANURE
...

 This aeration to the root system enhances the growth Labour cost is reduced drastically
...
18

Width (mm)

370

Uses
The cono weeder is used to remove weeds between rows of paddy crop efficiently
...

2
...
2
...
To use
this implement it is necessary that paddy is planted in rows and there should be at least 2”to 3” of
water level in the field for the implement to work satisfactorily
...

Our Japanese Paddy Weeder is a simple but strongly built implement
...
The weeder when pushed, moves on the rotating tines, churns
the soil and lifts the weed
...

2
...
3
...


9

Advantages:
 Low cost (Rate: Rs 550/-)
 Less weight (5 Kgs) with more strength
...

2
...
4
...
(400/-)
Description: A cylindrical drum with worker friendly
Handle
Advantages: A simple low-cost, light-weight
Design
Limitations: No provision for width adjustment
10

2
...
5
...
750/Description: A Swastika-like arms fixed to an axle with a worker friendly handle
Advantages:
 Simple design and fabrication
 Low weight
 Soil working depth is much deeper
 Limitations: Has a tendency to dig deeper into the soil than required thus becoming
unworkable
 No provision for width adjustment
2
...
6
...
1000/Description Three drums placed laterally to cover three rows with to handles, one to pull in the
front and another push and steer from the back
...

o Suitable to any soil
...

2
...
7
...
8 cc
o Carburetor : Diaphragm type
o Ignition system : TCI Solid state ignition
o Max
...
/HP /rpm) : 1
...
54 HP / 10000
11

o Max
...
8 N
...

o Fuel tank capacity : 1000 ml
...

o Weight : 15 Kg
...
6
...
Garuda Paddy Power Weeder
o Specification
o Model : 3PT250
o Engine : P H25, 1
...
Of Blades : 8
o Weeding Width : 150(STD)
o Row spacing : 250
o Weeding kit : 120, 180
o Suitable for : 200, 300 (ROW)
Features
 Low Maintenance & Low Weight - 17 Kg
 Adjustable row spacing and quick land coverage
 Suitable for 15, 30 and 45th days of transplantation
...


12

Cono paddy weeder

Paddy weeder

Mandava: single row weeder

Mandava two row weeder

Kollur weeder

Power weeder

Star weeder

Tree row raichur weeder
Figure 2: Different Manual Paddy Weeder

2
...
Weeds and recommendations regarding weeders
In traditional method of rice cultivation, weeds are mostly removed from the field with manual
process as they are seen more as a negative factor for crop growth
...
As
the weeds are more in SRI due to intermittent wetting, it is important to manage the weeds
regularly
...
SRI (System of Rice
Intensification) method stimulated the creativity of several farmers wherein several efforts were

13

made to improvise the system
...

The wider and equal spacing between the plants allow easy operation of mechanical weeders
specifically developed for the process
...

There are many types of weeders available from simple to complex and motorized weeders
...

After analysing various issues the Workshop made the following recommendations regarding
weeders:

...

 Should have some arrangement to avoid mud getting stuck between the teeth/blades
...

 Should be made all weather-proof and durable
...

 A motorized version was developed to lessen fatigue/workload on the operator

While operating the weeder, there would be some weeds left near the rice plant
...
InSRI, the
first weeding is done after 10-12 days of transplantation
...
Weeding at 10 day interval is necessary,even if the
weeds seem to be small
...
The field was irrigated one day before weeding and atleast half inch
water was retained for easy operation
...
Delay andnegligence in weeding operation affect the crop
yield and the loss in crop yields due to weedsin upland crops varying from 40 to 60 per cent and
in many cases cause complete crop failure
...

Nganilwa et al
...

The most common methods of weed control are mechanical, chemical, biological andtraditional
methods
...
Various types of cutting blades are
used for manually operated weeders
...
Mechanical weed control not only uproots the weeds between the crop rows but also
keeps the soil surface loose, ensuring better soil aeration and water intakecapacity
...

2
...
Weed classification according to weeding methods
Weeds are being classified into three types which are:
1
...
Deep rooted weeds
3
...
9
...
But in SRI, weeds are seen as
growth promoters when they are appropriately managed
...
This is done by both
mechanical and manual processes
...
10
...
11
...
In the experiments conducted during 2001 – 2002, Senthilkumar (2003)
compared the use of rotary weeder (five times with ten days interval from 20 days after
transplanting till booting stage) with the conventional hand weeding (three times) for wet season
and chemical weeding and two times hand weeding for dry season
...
Weeder use
alone increased the plant height and enhanced the grain yield by 10
...
as compared to manual
weeding
...
The higher grain yield
recorded in the use of mechanical weederand continued stirring of soil for 5 times could be
attributed to prolonged active leaves and higher number of productive tillers
...
7% (20 x 20 cm plant
density)and 11
...

Ramamoorthy (2004) found that non-removal of left out weeds can significantly reduce theyields
in weed infested lands
...
He found that the weeder use has a sort of earthing up effect and the plants
produce new rootswhich probably help in additional nutrient uptake
...
12
...
The various aspects of weeding equipments consists of
ergonomical considerations, it’s easy working and easy handling by unskilled farmers, less
damaging nature to crops, the distance between two crop rows, maximum efficiency, its
important components like blades, critical design areas and the most important from all above is
its cost of purchase
...
Weeding was considered a major constraint in
crop production
...

Extension workers considered that competition from weeds led to major losses and they
estimated the yield reduction was over 10%
...
1
...
A punch or a chisel can be driven with
the flat face
...
It’s usually used for flattening,
or peining, a rivet

17

Chisels
It’s made of high-quality steel, and the end is tempered and hardened because it has to be harder
than any of the metals you’re likely to want to cut with it
...

The hacksaw frame can be adjusted to take different blade lengths and when the blade is placed
in the frame and it is tightened to the correct tension by a tensioning device such as a wing nut
...
A blade with many teeth per inch has a fine pitch, one with few teeth per inch has
a coarse pitch
...

A screw or bolt with a star-shaped recess needs a Phillips or a Pozidrive screwdriver
...

The bench vice is a useful tool for holding anything that can fit into the jaws and needs sawing,
filing, or chiseling
...
The most common are the ring spanner, open end
spanner & the combination spanner
...

Pliers: Combination pliers are made from two pieces of high carbon or al-loy steel
...
Most pliers are
limited by their size in what they can grip
...

File:A file is used to rub the uneven welding or uneven surfaces
...

Aviation snips are designed to cut soft metals
...

18

Welding Shield: It is a shield (screen) used to protect eyes from spark and highly luminous
sparks
...
There are several types of electrode
...

Arc Welding Machine (Generator and Transformer) Both direct current and alternating current
are used for arc welding, each having its particular application; in some cases either is suitable
...
For AC welding supply, transformers are
predominantly used for almost all arc welding where mains electricity supply is available
...
Contains no free iron
and the aluminium oxide grit used contains very small amounts of bonded iron
...

Caliper Tips and Tricks: Calipers, which can be Vernier, dial or digital, are versatile tools for
basic length measurement
...

Balance used for measuring the weight
...
2
...

 To made the rotor of six face ( hexagonal form) from timber
...

 To made rotor axes of 122mm from steck metal of M10 and weld two bolts of M6 on the
end
...

 To made the spike bending tool from metal plate of 4cm of thickness
 To made handle support 1500 mm of length and and handle 330mm of legth

21

3
...
Methodology and methods
Machine was designed based on the principle of SRI of cultvating the rice in row but the sieze of
the manual rotary paddy weeder will be 154 mm but the operation sieze of the weeding rotor is
130 mm
...
5 mm of the
thickness
The 6frame which used to support the handle and the rotor blade will be made from metal of 2cm
of width and 2mm of thickness,one will have 480 mm of length other 179 mm of length and 319
mm of length
...
to
understood the tool need for every tusk of fabrication like using Chisels ,hummer, granding,files
etc
...
That how the testing knowledge in workshop used will carried
out
...

The weeder machine which will fabricated will not be heavy ,will be easy to carry Because of
materials used in fabrication,some of the materials which are not hard in weight are,aliminum
and timber
...
4
...
The design was
base on shaft diameter which its torsional strength was considered by calculating the drivetorque
of rotating shaft which was subjected to both twisting and bending
...
4
...
Shaft Design

Figure 4: dimension of the shaft

Torque on the shaft
Torsional strength of the shaft was considered by calculating the drive torque of rotating shaft
which was subjected to both twisting and bending
...
2 kg
Power output of average human being = 0
...
76 x 0
...
56KW
Torque on the shaft, T = 1
...
81 x 0
...
7658Nm
The total resultant component bending moment can be calculated from the following formula
with shock loading in the design of rotating shaft: M =? Nm

D3=

5
...
378 x 106N/m2
D=10 mm=0
...
5
T = 1
...
1
𝑀=√
(𝐾𝑚)2
(

By placing the data to this the formula the bending moment (M) = 3
...
4
...
Dimension of the Handle, Rotor, Bushing, Rubber and Skid
Start smoothing plane the wooden handle with machete, hacksaw blade and blackjack and then
after cartoon files tool and cut into size you measured by following the dimension of each parties
Handle you have to cut two timber one has 1500 mm of height, 42 mm of length and 40 mm of
width
...

Skid you have to cut timber of 250 mm of length 130 mm of width and 30 mm thickness

24

Figure 5: Dimension of the rotor bushing and rubber

3
...
3
...
5
...
And drill hole of M6, M8 and M3
...
Welding the frames in the place need to
weld and connect the frames with the bolt before weld to make 900 in between two
...
5
...
What welding does is join metals or other materials at their
molecular level with the technology we have at the moment
...

Welding of shaft axes at the both end, you have to join the bolts of M6, those bolt held the rotor
shaft into frames
...
6
...

3
...
Assembling process of paddy weeder
Start fixe the spikes to the rotor spikes with screw of M3
...
fit rotor shaft blade into the
frames with bolt of M6 by using spanner of M6 and skid by using screw driver look figure 9
...


27

Rotor and spikes

Axe shaft into the rotor

Two frames

Frame

Nut

Skid

Handle
Handle

Two bolts and nuts
Adjustments place

Two rotor blade
Frame
Skid

Axe and nut

Figure 9: Process of assembling Manual rotary weeder

28

Axe shaft

Point all frames of the manual rotary paddy weeder with aliminum point to avoid frames twisted
by water
...
8
...
8
...
Speed Of Weeding Rotors
Two weeding rotors which rotate at a same speed are suggested for row
...
This
design would enhance the shearing process due to the get-match of linear speed of the two rotor
at the ground level
...

3
...
2
...
As shown in figure 10 below , spikes shaped teeth made on aliminum
sheets are proposed for the weeding wheel
...
On the other hand,
spikes shaped teeth help to provide the shearing effect required for weeding and traction force
required for the forward motion
...
8
...
Number Of Rows To Be Weeded
It has been observed that if the number of row is to be weeded the maneuvering is easy as the
operator can easly walk in the middle raw
...
As shown in Figure 10
...
8
...
Turning And Row Changing Mechanism Of The Machine
In order to ensure continuous weeding, it is necessary to change the machine from one set of
rows toanother set without damaging the paddy plants
...
The initial configuration
...


29

Each corner is jointed to a steel frame which is connected to the two central rotor using a bolts
and nuts so that the rotors are free to turn on its axis
...
This turning mechanism is fixed at the frames of the
machine
...
8
...
Floating Mechanism
The floating mechanism is another important part of the machine, as it helps the machine to float
in mud conditions without sinking
...
In the present study adjustable mechanical floaters are considered to control the depth of
shearing as required in different ground conditions
...


Rotor

Spike

Skid

Adjustment place

Figure 10: The rotor blade and skid

30

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4
...
Results
Table 1: Cost of Materials
total
Parts

quantity Unit cost(frws)

cost(frws)

frames shaft holder

2

1000

2000

frames skid holder

2

200

400

frames handle holder

2

600

1200

frames for ajusting handle

2

800

1600

metals shaft

2

300

600

rotor timber

2

1000

2000

handle timber

1

2000

2000

2
...
5

76

30

2280

bolt and nut of M6

4

300

1200

bolt and nut of M8

2

500

1000

Electrode

1

700

700

driller of M6

1

600

600

aliminium point

1

1500

1500

brush point

1

700

700

aliminium sheet of tickness

31

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

Unit cost(frws)

32

total cost(frws)

300
300

metals of 1m and M18
1
1000
1000

Sclou
3
50
150

mark colour
1
300
300

rubber sheet of tickness 0
...
5

aliminium sheet of…

handle timber

rotor timber

metals shaft

frames for ajusting…

frames handle…

frames skid holder

frames shaft holder

peace of actros sping

3000

30830

Figure 11: Different Price
DIFFERENT PRICE

Table 2: Weight of Different Paddy Weeder
Defferent manual paddy weeder

Weight (Kg)

Cono Paddy Weeder

7
...
5

Figure 12: Comparison Weight of Manual Paddy Weeder with Owner Weeder

Weight (Kg)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4

2
0
Cono Paddy
Weeder

Power Weeder

Garuda Paddy Mandava (single
Owner
Power Weeder
low weeder) weeder(manual
rotary paddy
weeder)

4
...
Discussions
Accoring to the Figure 11 of differnt price ,its show that the high consatration of price based on
the buy aliminum sheet which used to fabricate the spikes,the following high price followed by
the price of transport and price of frames and timber those prices show that in Rwanda all
farmers can’t get all that many verry easly,only for the farmers who start to spend labours cost
for weeding more maney than manual rotary paddy weeder price
...

To ensure a high-quality equipment or easy rotary paddy weeder fabrication, we need to give
more stress on working in work shop operation,the new version should be developed to lessen
fatigue/workload on the operator, more concentration should be on fabrication of spikes from
aliminum sheet and welding operation when we power welding machine, simple drill machine,
grinding machine,and abrasive cut-off saw because it leads to reducing stability
...
An awareness of how
you can best put your brain to use, especially in terms of memory and learning, is also another
way of maximising your study success
...
One recent discovery is the extent to which our brain is capable of changing and adapting
throughout our lives (neuroplasticity)
...

The novel raw changing mechanism would be helpful for operating the machine by single Person
without destroying paddies
...

4
...
Operation and maintenance
4
...
1
...


34

4
...
2
...

 Dismantle the machine when not use for long period of time
 Do not put anything on the machine

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5
...
Conclusion
This manual rotary paddy weeder will attract the young generation for paddy industry because of
mechanization
...

Spike shaped teeth is formed in the weeding rotor blade to enhance the shearing effect for
weeding while losing up the soil
...

Two rotor blade operate at the same speed is used to further improve the shearing process
...
also this machine manufacturing weigth is less as compared to other
...

this machine is manufactured in less cost and Also the projectees learn to fabricate any model
according to its requirements
...

5
...
Recommendations
Through observation, this project work was good for local farmers and small scale
agro-base industries that need a better treatment and operations carried out on farms
...

For large scale crops production, there should be provision of many implements width can be
increased so that it can work on different rows of the farm at the same time, it means can
improved in fabrication for make this rotary paddy weeder work in 2 or 3 rows in one oparation
...
, J
...
Kanafajoki
...
Agricultural Machines- Theory and
2) Construction, Vol
...
National Science Foundation, Washington D
...

3) Gite, L
...
and B
...
Yadav
...
Ergonomic consideration in the design of mechanical
weeders
...

4) Gunasena, H
...
M
...
M
...
1981
...

5) Yadav, R
...
Pund, 2007
...

Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGRE Journal
...
Vol
IX, October, 2007
...
T
...
Thiyagarajan, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, in the
National Symposium on ''System of Rice Intensification- Present Status and Future
Prospects, held at Hyderabad on November 17-18, 2006)
7) Yadav, R
...
Pund, 2007
...

Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGRE Journal
...
Vol
IX, October, 2007
...
Row spacing and weed control timing affect yield of
aerobic rice
...

9) C
...
E
...
247-252
...
”9thEWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control Samsun,
Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011, PP
...

11) Olaoye, J
...
and T
...
Adekanye
...
” Tillage for agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability conference, held in Ilorin, Nigeria, 21-23February 2011, PP
...


37

Works Cited
1) www
...
nsw
...
au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/401358/Rice-variety-guide2) www
...
com/japanese-paddy-weeder--540582
...
mamtaironworks
...
html
4) www
...
net/SRI
...
thehindu
...
ece
6) http://www
...
com/research/2010/precision-ag-for-ecological-farming-systems2010-charles-merfield
...


38

APPANDICES

Weight (Kg)

Unit cost(frws)

39

total cost(frws)

Transport

mark…

metals…

peace of…

aliminiu…

bolt and…

Electrode

0

aliminiu…

5

rotor…

10

frames…

8000
6000
4000
2000
0

15

frames…

DIFFERENT PRICE

20



---