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Lab Final Review
Phases of Mitosis
Plant Cells:

Animal Cells:

Leaf Starch Test
Observation

Interpretation

No color change (Iodine Solution remains brown)

Starch is not present

Iodine/Potassium Iodide solution changed from

Starch is present

brown to blue- black

Photosynthesis
The Hill Reaction
H2O + X + light  H2X + 1/2O2
*Oxidizes water and reduces CO2
DCIP acts as NADP
H2O + oxidized DCPIP (blue) + light  reduced DCPIPH2 (colorless) + 1/2 O2
Absorbance rating is the light that DID NOT make it through
Herbicide – kills plants (NEGATIVE CONTROL)
Ascorbate – reduces DCPIP directly (POSITIVE CONTROL)

Genetics
Chi Square Test

Dihybrid = 3, Monohybrid = 1
0
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= Objective x Ocular
Binocular Dissecting Light Microscope – often used for low magnification
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The knob ranges from 10x, 25x, 7x, to 30x
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Membrane Transport
Exercise 2 – Osmosis/Diffusion
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from regions of HIGHER concentrations to LOWER concentration
Eventually reaching equilibrium
Rate = Constant x 1 / square root of Molecular Weight
o Cells swell when placed in hypotonic solutions, and animal cells may lyse
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Hypotonic – cells swell because chemicals diffuse out and water moves in by osmosis

Testing

Glucose – Benedicts test
Salt – Silver nitrate (forms precipitate)
Starch – Iodine turns blue/black

Enzyme Activity
 Peroxidase catalyzes hydrogen peroxide conversion to 2H2O + NAD+

H2O2 + Reduced Guaiacol (colorless)  2H2O + Oxidized Guaiacol (brown)

DNA Structure & Replication
Frederick Griffith – tested strains of pneumonia on mice

PCR and Gel-Electrophoresis
 Kary Mullis
 Polymerase Chain Reaction = PCR
3 Steps of PCR:
1
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Annealing
3

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