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Running head: PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN AND
WOMEN, AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Men and Women, and Nursing Implications

Authors Name

Institution

PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN AND WOMEN,
AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS
2

Introduction
In illustrating pharmacological management of Osteoporosis it is important to derive a
full understanding of the disease and corresponding facts especially in relation to men and
women
...
It is pragmatic to state that that people suffering from Osteoporosis have
enhanced bone fragility which consequently increases chances and risk of fracture (Lehne, 2013)
...
However, when diagnosed at later time, it gets complicated and difficult to manage
...

However, it is realistic that the condition could be effectively managed through two main
interventions; non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions (Spratto & Woods, 2011)
...
Research indicates that patients
suffering from the condition have indications that pathogenesis enters imbalance between
osteoblastic (bone formation) and osteoclastic (bone breakdown) activity
...
The other risk
factors are grouped into two (Intrinsic and extrinsic) factors (Lehne, 2013)
...

Extrinsic Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
The extrinsic factors results from nutrition, lifestyle and medication that people often
adopt, for example; inadequate dietary calcium intake, excessive alcohol intake, physical
inactivity, smoking, corticosteroids, androgen deprivation therapy, diuretics, anticonvulsants and
selective serotonin reuptake (Peate, 2007)
...
However, people with
previous fractures are at higher risks of recurrent fractures comparatively to the others who never
had fractures previously/ the non-fractured population (Spratto & Woods, 2011)
...

Despite the fact that people derive pleasure to live longer, the older population is rated high in the
osteoporosis prevalence globally (Lehne, 2013)
...
It could be presumed that osteoporosis management in
older population has proved to be a therapeutic challenge to the clinicians (Orshan, 2008)
...
However, in the women cases, the International Osteoporosis Foundation and World
Health Organization managed to effectively identify four main categories of diagnostics for dual
energy X-ray absorptiometry to guide respective treatments based on bone mineral density
...

Pharmacological Management
Research indicates that women are the most beneficiaries of pharmacotherapy with osteoporosis
based on results of bone mineral density for either fractured population or non-fractured
populace, also the osteopenic women who actually sustained fractures
...

Calcium and Vitamin D
Accelerated bone resorption has been confirmed to be associated with calcium deficiency
especially in the postmenopausal period in women, this result from decline in absorption of
intestinal calcium with corresponding increase in urinary calcium excretion (Spratto & Woods,
2011)
...
Physicians should ensure that men above the age of 70 years and women
above the age of 50 years take 1300mg (Lehne, 2013)
...

However, it is not surprising to realize both calcium and vitamin D at the same time
...
Research indicates that level
of vitamin D in the human body decreases with increase in age; this implies that older people
have malabsorption of calcium with corresponding increase secretion of parathyroid hormone
(Peate, 2007)
...
It implies that vitamin D deficiency could be classified as independent predictor
of fragility fractures that result from falls (Spratto & Woods, 2011)
...
The
population at risk is commonly the people with known cases of osteoporosis (Spratto & Woods,
2011)
...
It is recommended that affected populace
should have high dose of intermitted vitamin D is capable of correcting deficiency sooner hence
achieving compliance (Lehne, 2013)
...
This is due to the fact that combination of the two
has minimal adverse effects even though compliance rates are confirmed as limitation (Lehne,

PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN AND WOMEN,
AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS
6

2011)
...

There are also concerns that excessive calcium dosage increases cardiovascular events, it is yet to
be proved risks in patients taking combination of vitamin D and calcium, with or without
administering antiresorptive drugs in patients diagnosed with osteoporosis (Peate, 2007)
...

However, alendronate, clodronate and risedronate are recommended to be taken orally when
patients are in fasting states as a result of low bioavailability (Lehne, 2011)
...
The intravenous bisphosphonate, zolendronic acid have been approved to effectively treat
cases of osteoporosis with an advantage of taking the drugs only once a year
...

Alendronate
This medication is confirmed to be effective in treating vertebral fractures only
...
It is evidenced that alendronate has a fracture reduction risk (RRR
38%; p<0
...
However, it could be explained that there are evidenced increase in
hip and spine bone mineral density in older women who takes alendronate without fracture

PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN AND WOMEN,
AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS
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endpoints
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Residronate
In administering residronate to determine veteral efficacy, on women, it was illustrated
that effects of the drug on postmenopausal asteoporosis and hip intervention indicated that there
are significant vertebral fracture (RRR) relative risk reduction at one year
...
001), while at three years (RRR 44%; p<0
...
In the older cohort, there was
not benefit on non- vertebral fracture risk reported
...
8; 9%CI 0
...
97; p=0
...
This implies that, for vertebrate fracture, there
was no significant treatment consideraing age group interaction for vertabrates, since (p=0
...

While for the non-vertabrate fracture there were significance for patients below the age of 80
years, whkile above the 80 years and over there were no patients (Lehne, 2011)
...
7; 95%C0
...
9, p=0
...

However, further post hoc analysis in reation to hip study for people between age of (70 to 100;
mean 77_+ 5% according to WHO and International Osteopolosis Foundation) with severe cases
(T score _<-2
...
5; 95%CI 0
...
9;
p=0
...


PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN AND WOMEN,
AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS
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References
Lehne, R
...
(2011)
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LondonUK: Elsevier Health Sciences
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A
...
Pharmacology for Nursing Care:Pharmacology for Nursing Care
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Orshan, S
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(2008)
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New York- USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
...
(2007)
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Paris- France: John Wiley & Sons
...
, & Woods, A
...
20th Edi
...
London- UK: Cengage Learning

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