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Assignment Title: 5
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You may choose a subject of your own but should check with your tutor that it is suitable before you
start work
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Task 2 (M1) – The Limits of Scientific Method
Write a 500-word account to discuss the limitations of science and the scientific method
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Task 3 (D1) – Opposition to New Scientific Theories
Write a 500-word account describing how new scientific findings and ideas are communicated in the
modern world
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Illustrate your discussion with cases such as:
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Opposition to the ‘protein-only theory’ of prion diseases
Resistance to the theory of relativity
Concerns about the implications of Quantum mechanics

You may refer to other cases of opposition to new scientific ideas that you have researched yourself
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Assignment Title: 5
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Changes that enable an organism
to better adapt to its surroundings can help it survive and have a lot of offspring
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The theory has two main points, said Brian Richmond, curator of human origins at the
American Museum of natural history in New York City
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More simply put, the theory can be described as "descent with modification," said Briana
Pobiner, a social scientist and educator at the Smithsonian establishment National museum of
natural history in Washington, D
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, who specializes in the study of human origins
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Here, "fitness" refers to not an organism's strength or athletic
ability, however rather the ability to survive and reproduce
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natural selection will change a species in tiny ways
that, inflicting a population to alter colour or size over the course of many generations
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But natural selection is additionally capable of far more
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" It will flip dinosaurs into birds, amphibious mammals into
whales and also the ancestors of apes into humans
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The evolution of the blowhole, as an
example, might have happened in the following way:
Random genetic changes resulted in a minimum of one whole having its nostrils placed
farther back on its head
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Such animals
would be more successful and had a lot of offspring
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Other body parts of early whales additionally modified
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Back legs
disappeared
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Darwin additionally described a style of natural selection that depends on an organism's
success in attracting a mate, a method called sexual selection
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But Darwin wasn't the primary or only individual to develop a theory of evolution
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And around the same time as Darwin, British scientist Alfred, the Great
Russel Wallace independently came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection
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"He observed the
pattern of evolution, however, he didn’t really understand the mechanism
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1 How Scientific Ideas Develop
Unit 5: Perceptions of Science
or behavioural traits, and the way genes are passed down from parents to offspring
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The physical and behavioural changes that create natural selection possible happen at the
extent of DNA and genes
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"Mutations
are essentially the raw material on which evolution acts," Pobiner said
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Most times, mutations are either harmful or neutral, but in rare instances, a
mutation might prove useful to the organism
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In this way, natural selection guides the evolutionary process, preserving and adding up the
useful mutations and rejecting the dangerous ones
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But natural selection is not the only mechanism by which organisms evolve, she said
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And the frequency of certain
genes can even change randomly, which is known as genetic drift
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85 billion years ago
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Common descent is supported by multiple independent
lines of proof, most notably the fossil record, the geographical distribution of species, and the
comparison of the genomes of the many species
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Some people object that no one has determined one species
suddenly changing into another, such as a cat birthing to a dog
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Evolution of new forms—what
some people call “macroevolution”—takes a very, very long time, as small variations add up
over millions of years
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But we tend to have seen smaller
transitions during this timeframe, including the formation of new species, and the evidence left
from the past shows clearly that major transitions have occurred
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Humans do share many
genes with different living primates, but we are not their descendants
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Our ancestry does
not determine who we are (as image-bearers of God) but merely speaks of the genetic “dust”
from that we were formed
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It is true
that a person’s mutations of the genetic code appear random from the perspective of science,
in the feel that they're unpredictable
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Bear in mind a video
game, the place the game clothier deliberately entails random ingredients to make a richer
experience
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” and then there are unique elements of the
evolutionary approach that don't seem to be in the least random, just like the decision of
confident versions that increase health
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Assignment Title: 5
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These boundaries are principally headquartered on the very fact that a speculation will have
to be testable and verifiable and that experiments and observations be repeatable
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Science can't
prove or refute the existence of God or another supernatural entity
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Clever design is the statement that distinctive facets of the
foundation of the universe and existence are as a rule explained completely within the context
of an intelligent, divine vigour
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But sensible style just isn't
science thus of the existence of a divine being are not able to be verified with a scan
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It cannot say international warming is
harmful, for instance
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Occasionally, designated firms use scientific capabilities to advance their
reasons
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And but, used effectively, the scientific method is likely one of the fundamental priceless tools
people have ever created
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Task 3 (D1) – Opposition to New Scientific Theories

Acceptance of Theories
Generally, on the subject of new scientific theories, there are resistances
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The acceptance of an idea takes the time to be permitted when you consider that of
the various approaches of experimentation that a scientist would use
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Theories are right if Sustained by Facts
Scientific theories remain simply theories unless they're sustained via info which
accordingly convey evidence
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That is also why scientific data can handiest be information when they're verified by
using experiments that may be repeatable in time
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Science and faith overlap on many themes
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Assignment Title: 5
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Science and religion are in
contrast given that science needs:
 Evidence
 Proofs
at the same time religion won't have evidence so it depends on:
 Religion
 Beliefs
that is the primary intent why science and faith overlap each and every different in
many topics
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If there's not the same factor of view from both,
science and religion, resistance will constantly be there
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Frequently accepting a distinctive
scientific conception additionally approach having an extra behaviour to slot in a
brand new scientific model, and this isn't anything that everybody will probably be
successful in doing
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Many scientists base their reviews and researches on
already present theories that have no longer been authorised looking to
intricate them and support them to make new ones
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A thought has to go through tests and
be re – evaluated whenever new information is available in
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So consequently resistance
is good and finally will supply an extra accurate notion of the subject
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Typically,
an editor submits a manuscript, and for this reason, this manuscript emerges as
assessed and again to the creator if there's a need final touch
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Once this choice has been made, editors keep up a correspondence of the effect to
the creator and reviewers who assessed the manuscript
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 Peer review of specialists enables competitiveness of research in a targeted
nation to attain a global typical
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This implies reviewers will also be critical without
being worried about their image
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Editorials boards and individuals of providing awarding

Assignment Title: 5
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Any experiences or final decision is recorded
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Nevertheless, the first-rate thing in science
is that everyone, this resistance is vain, due to the fact if there are new fruitful
theories, which give evidence and efficaciously explain data higher than historical
theories, they should with without a doubt taken in until the evidence is awarded and
effectively examined, the thought ought to stay a speculation
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The resistance to a
brand new idea is fairly high and scientists are sceptical as a rule, in particular if the
brand new concept is probably theoretical and with now not ample proof
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Bear in mind Charles Darwin’s theory of
evolution, a couple of many years in the past, a be trained examined by using sixtyseven British scientists from Darwin’s time and observed that simplest about threequarters of them had permitted Darwinian evolution ten years after On the starting
place of Species was first published in 1859
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This is an instance how new theories take the time to be authorized, and how they
are authorized to some distance from long-established sense, as a result
summarizing we realize that a brand new conception desires evidence and
explanations to be authorized
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BBC Timelines
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p
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Web
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2016
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Icr
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N
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, 2016
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25 Apr
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"How The Scientific Method Works"
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N
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, 2008
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25 Apr
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"Limitations of The Scientific Method - Chemwiki"
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ucdavis
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N
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, 2013
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25 Apr
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"What Is Darwin's Theory of Evolution?"
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com
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p
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Web
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2016
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LiveScience
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N
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, 2016
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25 Apr
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"What Is Evolution?"
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N
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, 2015
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25 Apr
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