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U18
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Codon also stop signal during protein synthesis
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Nucleotides consist
of bases T, A, C, and G, a sugar and a phosphate
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) acts as a blueprint of biological guidelines that a living organism
must follow in order to exist and remain functional
...
As DNA is more stable than
RNA and holds more complex information for longer periods of time, while RNA is more
useful than DNA, capable of performing various, diverse tasks in an organism
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The proteins will then carry out their
function as the proteins are products of genes
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Since genetic information is stored in the chemical structure of a molecule DNA, the
molecules consist of the following:
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Two backbones, known as the double helix
‘’Bases’’ which are strings of four chemicals running along the backbones
Bridges that are between bases on opposite backbones called ‘’ base pairs’’

U18
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These four based are stated by the letters as A,
T, C, and G
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The triplet code is read in order, beginning with the start codon and ending with the stop
codon
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Every codon identifies a particular amino acid to build a protein
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Genetic codes have no internal punctuation since its
read chronologically from a starting point (as the ‘’stop’’ codons act as ‘’periods’’ during
translation)
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But due to extreme effect, mutations are often harmful
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A lot of amino acids which are in the genetic code are encoded with more than one codon
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In the triplet codons, the last base which
state the same amino acids are titled synonyms that differ in the last base
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A different term for
a synonymous with degeneracy of the genetic code is redundancy
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The human mitochondrial DNA of
other species have genetic codes that are slightly different, the mitochondrial DNA vary from
the rest of the cell’s DNA as it codes a distinct set of Transfer RNA
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Messenger RNA is also translated properly by protein synthesizing techniques of
various species
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U18
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It then enters the cytoplasm where its
directed by the synthesis of the protein, where it
gets encoded
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Transcription is the first step of gene
expression
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In translation, mRNA is decoded by a
ribosome to create a specific amino acid chain or
polypeptide
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In the cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of
the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the
protein
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U18
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Because DNA is a double stranded helix it is later ‘’unzipped’’ and the
protein coding strand becomes replicated by forming a mRNA strand
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Once mRNA has transcribed from DNA, its then processed in the nucleus and transported to
the cytoplasm where a ribosome binds to a specific sequence, and then begins generating a
protein
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After the entire mRNA strand has bound tRNA, there is a predictable sequence of amino
acids which is based on the original DNA strand
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This entire process is called translation
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1

NUCLIEC ACID

References
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Anon, (2015)
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wikipedia
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2015]
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[online] Available at: • https://en
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org/wiki/RNA [Accessed 24 Sep
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Anon, (2015)
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wikipedia
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2015]
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com, (2015)
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[online] Available at:
http://www
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com/Fo-Gr/Genetic-Code
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2015]
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com, 'Chegg
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N
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, 2015
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24 Sept
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Uk
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yahoo
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Explain how transcription and translation all work together to
form proteins
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answers
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com/question/index?qid=20110403094046AABY8zW [Accessed 24 Sep
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Wikipedia, (2015)
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[online] Available at:
https://en
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org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics) [Accessed 24 Sep
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Wikipedia, (2015)
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[online] Available at:
https://en
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org/wiki/Translation_(biology) [Accessed 24 Sep
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Wikipedia, 'Transcription (Genetics)'
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p
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Web
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2015
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'Translation (Biology)'
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p
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Web
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2015

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