Notesale: Turn your study into money

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EARTH SCIENCE QUARTER 4 Cheat sheet
Ecosystem- a place that has both the living things and the environent
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An ecosystem can be small (micro) or very big (macro)
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EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED- to be a part of an ecosystem, everything has
something to do
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EVERYTHING MUST GO SOMEWHERE- nothing is useless in an ecosystem
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THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A FREE LUNCH (you have to trade something for
something) ex
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Energy flow in an ecosystem:
1
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For all living organism there must be:
a
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b
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TYPES OF ENERGY
1
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Mechanical energy- energy through movements
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Chemical energy- energy from molecular bonds
TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY
How does energy change from one to another?
How does it affect life on earth?
Answer:
1
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2
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When comsumers eat the plants they break down the molecule and break apart the
bonds
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4
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5
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BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTOR:
ABIOTIC: nonliving parts of ecosystem
1
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Inorganic substances- sulfur, boron etc
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Organic compounds- proteins and carbohydrates and other molecules
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This creates a bridge that connects biotic
and abiotic factors
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They are identified by how they get energy
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These are primary producers
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Self nourishing- they are able to feed themselves
3
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Chemoautotrophs- they are bacteria
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HETEROTROPHS:
1
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They take energy from complex molecules
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They can be divided into decomposers and consumers
CONSUMERS:
1
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Decomposers- break down complex molecules in dead organism to make their food
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Most decomposers are bacteria and fungi
4
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Fungi feed mostly on plants
THERMODYNAMICS:
ST

1 LAW

1
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Example
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The energy fro
the sun is change into chemical energy in plants
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ND

2

LAW
1
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a
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CONSUMERS: THERE ARE DIFFERENT TROPHIC LEVELS(MANY TYPES)
1
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Secondary consumers-eat on primary
3
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Quartenary consumers-eat tertiary (however we will stop at tertiary)
5
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Decomposers- break down parts of living things and turn it into inorganic molecules
like sulfur
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Producers- plants
2
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Carnivores- eat other animals
4
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Granivores- eat seeds
6
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A Food web shows more
details
Food web: talks about the flow of energy

The arrows pointing means thats where the energy is flowing
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The bear eat the deer so the energy store in the deer go into the bear
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And because no arrow from the
bear to other animals it is the APEX consumer or quartenary consumer
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Poop is one example
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Standing crop- the amount (how much) biomass at that time
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There is 100kg of biomass
yesterday and 150 kg of biomass today
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Example: producers made 100 energy, but
used 30 energy for their respiration
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70 is the energy stored by producers and
eaten by consumers
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This is how fast we eat something and
change it into stuff like poop
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No new
energy are made
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Useful energy- energy that can be change and use for heat lights and to make things move
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SOLAR ENERGY▪ Energy from the sun
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30% is reflected back
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▪ A city with 1million people use about 10,000 megawatt per year or 10,000,000,000
▪ It is a renewable type of energy
▪ It is clean
▪ It doesn’t cause pollution
▪ It is free
▪ It is unlimited
▪ It is use to make food for living organism
WAVE POWER:
1
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The movements of waves are caused by wind blowing on the surface causing ripples
3
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4
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this is another type of renewable energy
b
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Cons:
a
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The blades in the turbine can kill the fishes that swim
near it
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Only 2 TW world wide
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c
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• Teflon coating for some container can contaminate our food when heated
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GLASS
• It is not a crystal solid and we use it in windows, tableware optic lens and

science experiments tools
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PROS:
• 1
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It is clean and can be recycle
• CONS:
• 1
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Causes accidents and
shouldn’t let little children near it
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PLASTIC
• MATERIAL OF SYNTHETIC (human made) THAT CAN BE MADE INTO

VARIOUS SHAPES
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• It protects item from contaminations, which makes it good for medical

environments like hospital
• It helps to preserve flavors in food
• It is not dangerous for children
• it can store stuff and can deal with harsh shipping and handling (this mean it is

tough and harder to break)
• CONS:
• Plastic releases toxic chemicals

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