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Psychoanalytic Theory

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Humanistic Theories

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Personality: a person’s internally based characteristic way of
acting and thinking
Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or
evaluated
Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including
sensitivity, moods, irritability, and distractibility
Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in most
situations
Personality Type: People who have several traits in common

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Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas,
and principles proposed to explain personality
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Cattell believed that five factors were
most important:
Openness

Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeable
Neuroticism

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• Are traits as pervasive as trait theories claim? Is someone
shy always or does it depend on the situation?
• Are traits as enduring and unchangeable as trait theories
claim? Can we change our traits? If so, how easily?
• Are traits affected by social and cultural upbringing? Or are
our personalities formed at birth and unchanging thereafter?

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Sigmund Freud, M
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,a Viennese physician who thought his
patients’ problems were more emotional than physical
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Freud had many followers: Jung and Adler, to name a few
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g
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g
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Displacement: Ego shifts unacceptable feelings from one object to
another, more acceptable object
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Projection: Ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and
faults to others
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Majority of
personality is formed before age 6
Erogenous Zone: Area on body capable of producing
pleasure
Fixation: Unresolved conflict or emotional hang-up caused by
overindulgence or frustration

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Oral Stage: Ages 0-1
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If a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop
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Fixations create oral-aggressive adults who like to argue
and exploit others
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Attention turns to process of elimination
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Ego
develops
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Child now notices and is physically attracted
to opposite sex parent
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Boy feels rivalry with his father for
his mother’s affection
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To resolve, boy must identify with his father (i
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, become
more like him and adopt his heterosexual beliefs)
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Girl identifies with her mother more slowly because she
already feels castrated
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Psychosexual development is dormant
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Genital Stage: Puberty-on
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• Freud overemphasized sexuality and placed little emphasis
on other aspects of the child’s experience
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Particularly, the
concept of the unconscious is unprovable
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• Freud’s view of people is overly negative and pessimistic
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Bandura
proposed that what we think of as personality is a product of this
self-system
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Particularly if they are reinforced, children
will imitate these behaviors, incorporating them into personality
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Self-efficacy: a judgment of one’s
effectiveness in dealing with particular situations
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Learned Helplessness: a sense of hopelessness in which a
person thinks that he/she is unable to prevent aversive events

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• Social-cognitive theories tend to be overly-mechanical
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• Does not recognize internal human qualities such as hope,
aspiration, love, self-sacrifice

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Humanism: Approach that focuses on human experience,
problems, potentials, and ideals
Human Nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior
patterns most characteristic of humans
Free Choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by
genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
Subjective Experience: Private perceptions of reality

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 Abraham

Maslow is considered father of the
humanistic movement
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 Hierarchy of needs: the motivational
component of Maslow’s theory, in which our
innate needs, which motivate our actions,
are hierarchically arranged
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Fully Functioning Person: Lives in harmony with his/her deepest
feelings and impulses
Self-Image: Total subjective perception of your body and
personality
Conditions of Worth: behaviors and attitudes for which other
people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard
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• Humanists may have an overly-positive, rosy view of
humankind
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• For the Humanists, the cause of all our problems lies not in
ourselves, but in others
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• Most of the people Maslow identified as self-actualized had
rather serious psychological problems
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Perceiving: resists closure, wants
more & more data; values the
open-ended; pressure to decide
stressful



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