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Title: Science Explorer Earth Science Chapter 5
Description: These notes contain the main concepts of chapter 5 including vocabulary and objectives. Bonus: comes in a nice layout and font!
Description: These notes contain the main concepts of chapter 5 including vocabulary and objectives. Bonus: comes in a nice layout and font!
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Science Study Guide
Chapter 5-1 (Earth’s Interior)
Seismic waves
Vibrations that travel through Earth
carrying the energy released during an
earthquake
Crust
The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer
surface
Basalt
A dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine
texture, found in oceanic crust
Granite
A usually lightcolored igneous rock that is
found in continental crust
...
Direct evidence from rock samples: Geologists drill holes up to 12 km to make
inferences about the conditions deep inside Earth
...
Indirect evidence from seismic waves: The speed of seismic waves and the paths
they take reveal the structure of the planet
...
Crust:
The crust is a layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and the ocean
floor
...
Oceanic crust is made of basalt, and
continental crust is made of granite
...
Scientists
divide the mantle into layers based on the physical characteristics of those layers
(lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle)
...
Core:
The core is made mostly of iron and nickel
...
Together, the inner and outer core are 3,486 km thick
...
During convection, heated particles of fluid begin to flow
...
Heat transfer by convection is caused by differences of
temperature and density within a fluid
...
Heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in the fluid’s density, and the force of gravity
combine to set convection currents in motion
...
The warm, less dense fluid
moves upward and floats over the cooler, denser fluid
...
Then gravity pulls this cooler, denser fluid back
...
Over millions of years, the great heat and pressure in the mantle cause solid mantle rock to
flow very slowly
...
The hot rock eventually cools and sinks back through
the mantle
...
Convection currents
have been going on for over 4 billion years
...
Wegener’s hypothesis was that all the continents were once joined together in a single
landmass and have since drifted apart
...
Land features
Fossils
Climate
Explain why other scientists of Wegener’s day rejected his hypothesis
...
Chapter 5-4 (Sea-Floor Spreading)
Midocean ridge
Sonar
A deep valley along the ocean floor beneath
which oceanic crust slowly sinks toward
the mantle
Subduction
The process by which molten material adds
new oceanic crust to the ocean floor
Deepocean trench
A device that determines the distance of an
object under water by recording echoes of
sound waves
Seafloor spreading
An undersea mountain chain where new
ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate
boundary
The process by which oceanic crust sinks
beneath a deepocean trench and back into
the mantle at a convergent plate boundary
Explain the process of seafloor spreading
In seafloor spreading, the sea floor spreads apart along both sides of a midocean ridge as
new crust is added
...
List of evidence of seafloor spreading
Molten material
Magnetic stripes
Describe the process of subduction
As subduction occurs, crust closer to a midocean ridge moves away from the ridge and
toward a deepocean trench
...
Scientific theory
A welltested concept that explains a wide
range of observations
Plate tectonics
The theory that pieces of the lithosphere
are in constant motion, driven by
convection currents in the mantle
...
Volcanic Island Arcs
A chain of volcanoes formed above a
subducting plate
Transform Boundary
A plate boundary where two plates move
past each other in opposite directions
Explain the theory of plate tectonics
...
Describe where the three types of plate boundaries can be found
Title: Science Explorer Earth Science Chapter 5
Description: These notes contain the main concepts of chapter 5 including vocabulary and objectives. Bonus: comes in a nice layout and font!
Description: These notes contain the main concepts of chapter 5 including vocabulary and objectives. Bonus: comes in a nice layout and font!