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Title: Physical Chemistry (Notes+Important Equations)
Description: Module : Physical Chemistry Year : 1st Year Chemical Engineering
Description: Module : Physical Chemistry Year : 1st Year Chemical Engineering
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
(Summary and Important Equations)
The Properties of Gas
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The mean speed and root-mean-square speed of molecules is proportional to
the square root of the (absolute) temperature and inversely proportional to the
square root of the molar mass
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The properties of the Maxwell distribution of speeds are summarized in Figure 1
and Figure 2
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The Maxwell distribution of speeds and its
variation with the temperature
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Figure 2
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Molecules
of low molar mass have a broad spread of speeds, and a
significant fraction may be found travelling much faster
than the rms speed
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Molecular Interactions
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The polarizability is a measure of the ability of an electric field to induce a dipole
moment in a molecule
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A hydrogen bond is an interaction of the form X— H
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Metallic, Ionic and Covalent Solid
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Anti ferromagnetism results from alternating
spin orientations in a material and leads to weak magnetization
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Type I superconductors show abrupt loss of superconductivity when an applied
magnetic field exceeds a critical value Hc characteristic of the material
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Type II superconductors show a gradual
loss of superconductivity and diamagnetism with increasing magnetic field
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Unit cells are classified into seven crystal systems according to their rotational
symmetries
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A unit cell is the small three-dimensional figure that may be used to construct
the entire crystal lattice by purely translational displacements
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A Bravais lattice is one of fourteen types of unit cell shown in Figure 3
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The fourteen Bravais lattices
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Electronic Transition and Photochemistry
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The rate constants of electron and
resonance energy transfer decrease with increasing separation between donor
and acceptor molecules
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Partial pressure
pJ=xJp
Virial equation of state
pVm =RT(1+B/Vm +C/V2m +···)
van der Waals equation of state
p=nRT/(V−nb)−a(n/V)2
Pressure of a perfect gas from the kinetic
model
p V = 1/3n M c 2
Root mean square speed in a perfect gas
c =
Mean speed in a perfect gas
𝑐 = (8RT/πM )1/2
Magnitude of the dipole moment
μ=QR
Magnitude of the induced dipole moment
μ*=αE
Polarization of a sample
P=<μ>N
Potential energy of interaction between
two point charges in a medium
V = Q1Q2 /4πεr
Debye equation Clausius–Mossoti equation
(εr − 1)/(εr + 2) = ρPm/M
Energy of interaction between a point
dipole and a point charge
(εr − 1)/(εr + 2) = ρNAα/3Mε0
Energy of interaction between two fixed
dipoles Energy of interaction between two
rotating dipoles
V = −μ1Q2 /4πε0r2
Energy of interaction between a polar
molecule and a polarizable molecule
V = μ1μ2 , f(θ)/4πε0r3, f(θ) = 1 − 3
cos2θ
London formula
p = f(n,V,T)
Perfect gas law
Equations
V = -3/2 α 1ʹ α 2ʹ I 1 I 2 / ( I 1 + I 2 ) r 6
Title: Physical Chemistry (Notes+Important Equations)
Description: Module : Physical Chemistry Year : 1st Year Chemical Engineering
Description: Module : Physical Chemistry Year : 1st Year Chemical Engineering