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CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowship
and Lecturer-ship
LIFE SCIENCES
1
...


Cellular Organization

3
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Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

5
...


System Physiology – Plant

7
...


Inheritance Biology

9
...


Ecological Principles

11
...


Applied Biology

13
...


MOLECULES AND THEIR INTERACTION RELAVENT TO BIOLOGY
A
...

B Composition, structure and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins)
...
Stablizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic
interaction, etc
...

E
...

F
...
Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains,
motif
and folds)
...
Conformation of nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA)
...
Stability of proteins and nucleic acids
...
Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides and vitamins
...


CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

A)

Membrane structure and function
(Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis,
ion channels, active transport, membrane pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation
of intracellular transport,electrical properties of membranes)
...


B)

C)

Organization of genes and chromosomes (Operon, unique and repetitive DNA,
interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes,
heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons)
...


E)

Microbial Physiology (Growth yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division,
stress response)

3
...


B)

RNA synthesis and processing (transcription factors and machinery, formation of
initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping,

elongation, and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing,
polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport)
...


D)

Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level (regulating the
expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in
gene expression and gene silencing)
...
Cell communication and cell signaling
A)

Host parasite interaction Recognition and entry processes of different
pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host
cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced
diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal
cells
...


C)

Cellular communication Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell
communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap
junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation
...


E)

Innate and adaptive immune system Cells and molecules involved in innate
and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity
...
generation of antibody
diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody
interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation
and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cellmediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the
complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-mediated effector functions,
inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune response during
bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital
and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines
...
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
A) Basic concepts of development : Potency, commitment, specification, induction,
competence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell
lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants
and transgenics in analysis of development
B) Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface
molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization
in plants; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and
formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed
formation and germination
...

D) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical
meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering,
floral meristems and floral development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum
E) Programmed cell death, aging and senescence
6
...


Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron
transport; photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways
...


Respiration and photorespiration – Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial
electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory
pathway
...


Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid
biosynthesis
...


Plant hormones – Biosynthesis, storage,
physiological effects and mechanisms of action
...


Sensory photobiology - Structure, function and mechanisms of action of
phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement;
photoperiodism and biological clocks
...


Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation – uptake, transport and
translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells,
across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration; mechanisms of
loading and unloading of photoassimilates
...


Secondary metabolites - Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous
compounds and their roles
...


Stress physiology – Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and
abiotic (water, temperature and salt) stresses
...


SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - ANIMAL

A
...


B
...


C
...


D
...


E
...


F
...


G
...


H
...


Digestive system - Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR
...


Endocrinology and reproduction - Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of
hormone action, hormones and diseases; reproductive processes,
gametogenesis, ovulation, neuroendocrine regulation

8
...

B) Concept of gene : Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests
C) Extensions of Mendelian principles : Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene
interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy,
linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters
...

E) Extra chromosomal inheritance : Inheritance of Mitochondrial and chloroplast genes,
maternal inheritance
...

G) Human genetics : Pedigree analysis, lod score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic
disorders
...

I) Mutation : Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss
of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis
...

K) Recombination : Homologous and non-homologous recombination including transposition
...


DIVERSITY OF LIFE FORMS:

A
...


B
...
Levels of organization of tissues, organs
& systems
...


C
...
Classification of plants,
animals and microorganisms
...


D
...
Comman Indian mammals, birds
...


E
...


F
...
Conservation strategies
...
ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic
interactions
...

Population Ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves;
population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of
metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured
populations
...

Community Ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes;
levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones
...

Ecosystem Ecology: Ecosystem structure; ecosystem function; energy flow and
mineral cycling (C,N,P); primary production and decomposition; structure and function
of some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water,
marine, eustarine)
...


biomes;

theory

of

island

biogeography;

Applied Ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity:
status, monitoring and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity
management approaches
...

11
...


Emergence of evolutionary thoughts
Lamarck; Darwin–concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural
selection; Mendelism; Spontaneity of mutations; The evolutionary synthesis
...


Origin of cells and unicellular evolution:
Origin of basic biological molecules; Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and
polymers; Concept of Oparin and Haldane; Experiement of Miller (1953); The first cell;
Evolution of prokaryotes; Origin of eukaryotic cells; Evolution of unicellular
eukaryotes; Anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism
...


Paleontology and Evolutionary History:
The evolutionary time scale; Eras, periods and epoch; Major events in the evolutionary
time scale; Origins of unicellular and multi cellular organisms; Major groups of plants
and animals; Stages in primate evolution including Homo
...


Molecular Evolution:
Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks;
Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification; Protein and
nucleotide sequence analysis; origin of new genes and proteins; Gene duplication
and divergence
...


The Mechanisms:
Population genetics – Populations, Gene pool, Gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg Law;
concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration and
random genetic drift; Adaptive radiation; Isolating mechanisms; Speciation; Allopatricity
and Sympatricity; Convergent evolution; Sexual
selection; Co-evolution
...


Brain, Behavior and Evolution:
Approaches and methods in study of behavior; Proximate and ultimate causation;
Altruism and evolution-Group selection, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism; Neural basis

of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal; Biological clocks; Development
of behavior; Social communication; Social dominance; Use of space and territoriality;
Mating systems, Parental investment and Reproductive success;
Parental care;
Aggressive behavior; Habitat selection and optimality in foraging; Migration, orientation
and navigation; Domestication and behavioral
changes
...


APPLIED BIOLOGY:
A
...


B
...
Tissue
and cell culture methods for plants and animals
...


Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and
strain identification
...


Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene
therapy
...


Bioresource and uses of biodiversity
...


Breeding in plants and animals, including marker – assisted selection

G
...


Biosensors

13
...


Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA methods:
Isolation and purification of RNA , DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins,
different separation methods
...

Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems
...

Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences
Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC
vectors
...

Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins
...

Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale
expression, such as micro array based techniques
Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules
RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques

B
...

Biophysical Method:

FISH

Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR
spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR,
Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry
and
surface plasma resonance methods
...


E
...


F
...


G
...


H
...




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