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Chapter 7 Notes
Genetics & Gene Transfer
DNA:
Structure:
The structure of DNA is made up of deoxyribonucleic acid
...
Looks like pentose sugar
...
The pentose sugar is deoxyribose in DNA
Nucleotides are made up amino acids
...
(Deoxyribose & ribose is not
the same
...
)
RNA does not form double stranded
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Replication:
DNA replication is semiconservative- when DNA replicates its self
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You have a double helix
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This
is semiconservative
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Each of the 2 new
copies is semiconservative
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Protein Synthesis: consist of 2 separate processes
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Transcription- one strand (templet) of a double helix is used to make messenger RNA
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In humans transcription takes place in nucleus
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Where
translation takes place with a ribosome
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Ribosome is made of RNA
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Codon- A set of 3 bases
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Ex
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Tells ribosome to bring in the amino acid proline
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Three types of RNA: 1)Ribosomal RNA , 2)Messenger RNA , 3)Transfer RNA
Mutations: Any change in DNA is considered a mutation
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A base is lost causing ribosome
create an amino acid that is different
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Ex
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DNA makes up our chromosomes
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When strands of a double helix are separating it is called unzipping
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IT JUST HAPPENS
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Causes of Mutation:
Natural Mutation is considered a type of mutation
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Tons of Mutagens in the world Ex
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Being exposed to mutagens cause mutation in DNA to occur much quicker
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Ames test- tells if a specific chemical is a mutagen or not
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Transfer of genetic material:
Genetic information is transferred between two organisms
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Increases adaption to environment
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Evolution- is change in DNA over time
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o DNA of a bacterial cell is copied and then sent out of the cell, and into another
cell
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o Discovered by a scientists called Griffin
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o Virulence- the ability of bacteria to cause disease
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When strep pneumonia loses its
capsule it become non virulent
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Transduction- the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another by using a virus
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o Viruses are specific to what they infect
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o Capsid- is a Hexagonal coat made out of protein
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o Bacteriophage (BP) - attaches on to a bacterial cell, where it injects its tail into
the bacteria called penetration
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After the tail
withdraws
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o Biosynthesis- the DNA of the virus goes into the chromosome of the bacterial
cell
...
The virus DNA also goes through transcription and translation to
make proteins for the virus
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o The virus DNA is stealing the transcription & translation mechanism of the
bacterial cell in order to make its protein
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STEALING
o Eventually the virus proteins fill the cell, and mature, and then the DNA of the
virus copies its self
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o In order to make DNA you need nucleotides units
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o Virion- Is a complete virus
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o Eventually many virions will cause the cell to lysis
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(Burst Size)
o Each of the virion particles will go and affect a different bacterial cell
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Lytic Bacteriophage
2
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Instead it becomes dormant in the
chromosome of the bacterial cell
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o Latent virus- can show up anytime
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o In humans it’s called latent not lysogenic
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Herpes & Shingles
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o Transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another using a virus is known as
transduction
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Conjugation: involves the use of plasmids
...
(dbs) DNA
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o One type of protein that plasmid creates is the conjugation bridge or (F pilus)
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From (+) bacterial celldonor to (-) bacterial cell- recipient
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Then the recipient bacteria can create Conjugation
Bridge as well or become a donor
...
Instead of just the
plasmid coming out of the cell it pulls some of the DNA with it, and sends it to
the recipient cell
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o Competency- if a bacterium wants to do transformation, or transduction, or
conjugation
...
Bacteria will only transfer DNA from one cell to another of the same
species or similar species
...
They have to have a competency factor- is a protein
...
This protein enables them to receive
DNA
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Multiple enzymes have to be present
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The cell receiving the DNA must also have enzymes present hydrolysis
enzymes or catabolism enzymes in order to break it down
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o Transposons (Jumping Genes) - genes can move from one chromosome to
another
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Occurs for bacterial cells as well
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o Types of Plasmids: are extra chromosomal DNA in bacteria
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F Plasmid- codes for the protein that makes your conjugation bridge
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R plasmids- “resistance” makes a protein that makes a cell resistance to
an antibiotic
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Bacteriocins- is a bacterial killing plasmid
...
4
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Causes
pathogenicity
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Ex) if your figure out a gene on your chromosome that makes insulin
and take the gene that makes insulin put into a bacterial chromosome
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Another Ex
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