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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION
The science of Environment studies is a multi-disciplinary science because it comprises
various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture,
public health, sanitary engineering etc
...
It studies of the sources, reactions, transport, effect and fate of physical
a biological species in the air, water and soil and the effect of from human activity upon
these
...
This
involves three questions:
1
...

2
...
In
fact, the concern of all education is the environment of man
...
Hence,
environment
refers to the sum total of condition, which surround point in space and time
...
In the
primitive age, the environment consisted of only physical aspects of the planted earth' land,
air and water as biological communities
...

3
...
It is in nature that physical component of the plant earth,
viz land, air, water etc
...
According to a Goodie

1
CHAPTER
Environmental Science : 1 Definition, Scope and Importance2 ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE
environment is the representative of physical components of the earth where in man is an
important factor affecting the environment
...
Boring: ‘A person’s environment consists of the sum total of the stimulation
which he receives from his conception until his death
...
Environment is the sum total of all the
external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life,
nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of living
organisms
...
Douglas and Holland: ‘The term environment is used to describe, in the
aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the
life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturity of living
organisms
...
Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases,
surrounding the earth:
(a) It sustains life on the earth
...

(c) It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the
electromagnetic radiation from the sun
...
(0
...

The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen
...

2
...

(i) Nature 97% of the earth’s water supply is in the oceans,
(ii) About 2% of the water resources is locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers
...

3
...
It consists
of minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e
...
minerals, organic
matter, air and water
...
Biosphere: Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their
interactions with environment, viz atmosphere, hydrosphere and
lithosphere
...
These elements
may be explained as under:
(1) Physical elements
Physical elements are as space, landforms, water bodies, climate soils, rocks and minerals
...

(2) Biological elements

Biological elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and men constitute the
biosphere
...

ENVIRONMENT STUDIES: IMPORTANCE
Importance of Environment Studies: The environment studies enlighten us, about the
importance of protection and conservation of our indiscriminate release of pollution into the
environment
...
We study about these issues
besides and effective suggestions in the Environment Studies
...
Environment Issues Being of International Importance
It has been well recognised that environment issues like global warming and ozone
depletion, acid rain, marine pollution and biodiversity are not merely national issues but are
global issues and hence must be tackled with international efforts and cooperation
...
Problems Cropped in The Wake of Development
Development, in its wake gave birth to Urbanization, Industrial Growth, Transportation
Systems, Agriculture and Housing etc
...
The North, to cleanse their own environment has, fact fully, managed to move ‘dirty’
factories of South
...
Evidently such a path is neither practicable nor
desirable, even if developing world follows that
...
Explosively Increase in Pollution
World census reflects that one in every seven persons in this planted lives in India
...
4 per cent of its land area,

there is a heavy pressure on the natural resources including land
...
4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
4
...
We need a goal as under:
(1) A goal, which ultimately is the true goal of development an environmentally sound
and sustainable development
...

(3) A goal distant from the developing world in the manner it is from the over-consuming
wasteful societies of the “developed” world
...
Need To Save Humanity From Extinction
It is incumbent upon us to save the humanity from exinction
...

6
...
Resources withdraw, processing and use of the
product have all to by synchronised with the ecological cycles in any plan of development
our
actions should be planned ecologically for the sustenance of the environment and
development
...
Misra’s Report
Misra (1991) recognized four basic principles of ecology, as under:
(i) Holism
(ii) Ecosystem
(iii) Succession
(iv) Conversation
...
In hierarchical levels at which
interacting units of ecology are discussed, are as under:

Individual ...

Keeping in view the of goal of planning for environmentally sustainable development
India contributed to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), also referred to as “Earth Summit” held at Rio de Janciro, the Capital of Brazil,
3rd-14th June, 1992
...
We are facing various environmental challenges
...

Some of these challenges are as under:
1
...
11 per cent every year
...
It puts considerable pressure on its natural resources
and reduces the gains of development
...
Although population control does automatically lead to development, yet
the development leads to a decrease in population growth rates
...

2
...
The poverty and

environmental degradation have a nexus between them
...
About 40% of our people are still below the poverty line
...
Thus, the challenge of poverty and the challenge environment degradation
are two facets of the same challenge
...
Because, to the very poor, every child is an earner and helper and global concerns
have little relevance for him
...
Agricultural Growth
The people must be acquainted with the methods to sustain and increase agricultural
growth with damaging the environment
...

4
...
Factors like community wastes,
industrial effluents and chemical fertilizers and pesticides have polluted our surface water
and affected quality of the groundwater
...
It so finding our suitable
strategies for consecration of water, provision of safe drinking water and keeping water
bodies clean which are difficult challenges is essential
...
Development And Forests
Forests serve catchments for the rivers
...
Certainly, these
would submerge forests; displace local people, damage flora and fauna
...

Forests in India have been shrinking for several centuries owing to pressures of

agriculture and other uses
...

These areas are to be brought back under vegetative cover
...
We must
recognise6 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
the role of these people in restoring and conserving forests
...
should be integrated with the traditional knowledge and experience
of the local communities
...

6
...
Of this, 143 mha is agricultural land nearly and 85 suffers from varying degrees
of soil degradation
...
The
remaining
83 mha is classified as forest land, of which over half is denuded to various degrees
...
Thus, our of 226 mha, about
175 mha or 66 per cent is degraded to varying degrees
...

7
...
The change has to be brought in keeping in view India’s
traditions
for resources use managements and education etc
...
Because it affects way people
view technology resources and development
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Reduction of Genetic Diversity
Proper measures to conserve genetic diversity need to be taken
...
Wilding including the Asiatic Lion are

facing problem of loss of genetic diversity
...
So, they are decreasing changes
of one group breeding with another
...

9
...
Urbanisation and industrialisation has
given birth to a great number of environmental problem that need urgent attention
...
Out of India’s 3,245 towns and cities, only 21 have
partial or full sewerage and treatment facilities
...

10
...
A great number of cities
and industrial areas that have been identified as the worst in terms of air and water
pollution
...
The reason
is their implementation needs great resources, technical expertise, political and social will
...
Their support is indispensable to
implement these rules
...

These may be explained as under:
1
...
The human races are greatly influenced by the climate
...
e
...
Likewise,
in Asian and African countries, that is, in hot countries people are of dark complexion
...

(d) The human working efficiency also depends on the climatic conditions
...
Social Environment
Social Environment includes an individual’s social, economic and political condition
wherein he lives
...
Society may be classified into two categories as under:
(i) An open society is very conductive for the individual developement
...

3
...
Yet every individual has his own psychological environment, in which he lives
...
The
Psychological environment enables us to understand the personality of an individual
...

If a person is unable to overcome the barriers, he can either get frustrated or completed
to change his goal for a new psychological environment
...

STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT
Environment is both physical and biological
...

(i) Physical Environment

The Physical Environment is classified into three broad categories viz
...

These represent the following spheres:
(i) The lithosphere (solid earth)
(ii) The hydrosphere (water component) and
(iii) The atmosphere
As such, the three basic of physical environment may be termed as under:
(i) Lithospheric Environment
(ii) Hydrospheric Environment
(iii) Atmospheric Environment
The scientists have classified them into smaller units based on different spatial scales,
e
...

(i) Mountain Environment
(ii) Glacier Environment
(iii) Plateau Environment
(iv) Coastal Environment
(ii) Biological Environment
The biological of the environment consists of:
(i) Plants (flora)
(ii) Animals (fauna)
...
All the organisms work to form their social groups and organizations at several
levels
...
In this social environment the organisms
work to derive matter from the physical environment for their sustenance and development
...
Man claims to be most skilled and
civilized
of all the organisms
...
The
three aspects of man, e
...
physical, social and economic, function in the biotic environment
as under:
(i) The Physical Man
The ‘Physical Man’ is one of the organisms populations or biological community
...
Besides, like other biological populations, he releases wastes into the ecosystem
...

(iii) The Economic Man
The economic man derives and utilises resources from the physical and biotic environment
with his skills and technologies
...
There may be any following two situations:
(a) His exploitative functions may be in harmony with the natural environment
...

(b) These functions may exceed the critical limit
...
These are determental to man him besides to whole
population of human species in a given ecosystem

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Title: environmental science
Description: SCOPE, DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

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