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Title: Biological Aspects of Behavior
Description: Notes from doctoral course in psychology. Notes on language, aphasias, lobotomy, Motor homunculus, Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasias, sensory system, motor system, the brain, brain injuries, panic disorders, stroke, anxiety disorders, OCD, schizophrenia, monoamine hypothesis of depression, etc.

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Study  Guide  for  Quiz  5  
1
...
The  two  main  areas  involved  in  language  are  Boca’s  area  and  Wernicke’s  area
...
Broca’s  area:  Left  frontal  lobe;  deals  with  speech  production  
c
...
Distinguish  among  the  different  aphasias  including  pure  word  deafness
...
Pure  word  deafness:  person  can  recognize  the  words  but  cannot  understand  
the  meaning  of  what  is  being  said;  primary  auditory  cortex  damage  (temporal  
lobe)  
3
...
Frontal  lobotomy:  surgery  to  treat  mental  disorders,  including  depression  and  
schizophrenia;  started  in  late  1930’s;  disconnect  portion  of  the  prefrontal  
cortex;    
b
...
Walter  Freeman:  transorbital  lobotomy;  ice  pick  through  the  eyes;  abused  the  
treatment  in  order  to  make  as  much  money  as  possible;  did  TX  on  children  
and  housewives;    
4
...
Motor  homunculus:  pictorial  representation  of  the  divisions  of  the  primary  
motor  cortex;  larger  parts  of  the  brain  control  larger  parts  of  the  body  such  as  
the  hand  and  mouth,  which  require  a  lot  of  “motor”  or  motion  “signals
...
   
5
...
Broca’s  aphasia:  damage  to  this  area  results  in  slow  labored  speech;  can  be  
caused  by  a  stoke;  person  might  be  able  to  understand  what  is  being  said  but  
will  have  trouble  responding;  person  usually  can  make  progress  but  not  fully  
recover;  thought  process  is  usually  normal  à  can  write  down  thoughts  and  
read  the  notes  and  then  spell  the  words  aloud  in  order  to  verbalize  the  
thoughts  more  easily;  
b
...
What  evidence  is  there  that  sensory  and/or  motor  maps  can  be  modified  by  
experience?  

a
...
 
If  your  finger  is  amputated,  at  the  adult  age,  the  brain  isn’t  going  to  change  
any  significant  amount
...
 But  
if  this  happens  when  young,  a  very  small  part  of  the  motor  cortex  will  control  
that  finger  since  it  doesn’t  exist
...
   
b
...
 If  neurons  are  damaged,  (axon  crushed),  
most  of  the  neurons  will  die  back  to  the  cell  body  and  will  sprout  new  axons
...
 If  Schwann  
cells  are  intact,  the  neurons  will  grow  back  at  the  right  target
...
   
i
...
 Can’t  make  the  
detailed  movement  because  you  don’t  have  the  right  neurons  connected  
to  the  right  muscles
...
   
c
...
 Relies  more  on  auditory  input
...
 In  adult:  Occipital  lobe  would  be  “useless”
...
 It  won’t  take  up  auditory  functions
...
   
 
7
...
Damage  to  an  infant  brain:  CNS  as  an  adult  -­‐  it  doesn’t  grow  new  neurons
...
 If  there  is  damage  to  infant  brain,  instead  of  the  tissue  
disappearing  and  being  filled  up  of  glial  cells,  the  new  neurons  will  grow  in  its  
place
...
studies  with  infant  monkeys:  If  you  remove  one  side  of  the  brain,  the  
monkey  will  develop  a  new  cortex
...
   
 
8
...
 
a
...
 If  injury  is  minor,  
the  person  will  make  a  full  recovery
...
 Some  of  the  damage  may  not  be  seen  until  later
...
Toxins/poisons/drugs  can  damage  the  brain
...
 
c
...
     
d
...
 Blood  supply  to  part  of  the  
brain  is  blocked
...
 

Another  thing  that  could  happen  is  a  hemorrhage  –  blood  vessel  in  the  brain  
ruptures
...
 The  
microglia  come  in  and  try  to  remove  as  much  of  the  blood  as  possible
...
 If  blood  is  removed  by  doctor  brain  swells  
àPersonality  characteristics  change  
 
9
...
 
a
...
 Some  
people  who  have  panic  attacks  have  temporal  lobe  abnormalities
...
 People  with  panic  disorder:  the  volume  of  their  temporal  lobe  
tends  to  be  lower
...
   
i
...
 Some  infants  would  express  anxiety  to  novel  
stimuli
...
 When  the  infants  were  4  or  5  years  old,  
the  ones  that  showed  the  anxiety  to  novel  stimuli  showed  much  more  
fear  when  they  were  placed  in  novel  lab  rooms
...
   
ii
...
 
Eg//Valium
...
 (Abilify  serves  as  both  an  
agonist  and  antagonist
...
 When  the  agonist  that  works  as  
benzodiazepines  bind  with  the  receptors,  it  increases  the  sensitivity  to  GABA
...
 GABA  is  inhibitory
...
 If  neurons  are  more  sensitive  to  
something  that’s  inhibitory,  so  it  will  counteract  the  anxiety
...
   
iii
...
 In  some  cases,  SSRI’s  will  be  an  
affective  treatment  for  Panic  Disorder
...
Describe  the  symptoms  and  possible  causes  of  Obsessive  Compulsive  Disorder  (OCD)
...
OCD  usually  develops  in  early  adulthood;  possible  fairly  strong  genetic  component;  
might  be  a  problem  with  species  typical  behavior  (grooming,  attention  to  sources  of  
danger,  etc
...
Name  two  abnormalities  of  cellular  structure  found  in  the  brains  of  schizophrenics
...
Increased  Dopamine  
b
...
What  is  the  dopamine  theory  of  schizophrenia?  
a
...
Treatment  includes  anti-­‐psychotics  which  block  dopamine  receptors    
13
...
There  is  too  little  serotonin  and  norepinephrine  in  the  brain  of  those  who  
suffer  from  depression;  There  could  also  be  a  problem  with  MAO;    
b
...
 Selective  Serotonin  Reuptake  Inhibitors  (SSRIs)    
ii
Title: Biological Aspects of Behavior
Description: Notes from doctoral course in psychology. Notes on language, aphasias, lobotomy, Motor homunculus, Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasias, sensory system, motor system, the brain, brain injuries, panic disorders, stroke, anxiety disorders, OCD, schizophrenia, monoamine hypothesis of depression, etc.