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Title: Biological Aspects of Behavior
Description: Notes from doctoral course in psychology. Notes on language, aphasias, lobotomy, Motor homunculus, Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasias, sensory system, motor system, the brain, brain injuries, panic disorders, stroke, anxiety disorders, OCD, schizophrenia, monoamine hypothesis of depression, etc.
Description: Notes from doctoral course in psychology. Notes on language, aphasias, lobotomy, Motor homunculus, Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasias, sensory system, motor system, the brain, brain injuries, panic disorders, stroke, anxiety disorders, OCD, schizophrenia, monoamine hypothesis of depression, etc.
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Study Guide for Quiz 5
1
...
The two main areas involved in language are Boca’s area and Wernicke’s area
...
Broca’s area: Left frontal lobe; deals with speech production
c
...
Distinguish among the different aphasias including pure word deafness
...
Pure word deafness: person can recognize the words but cannot understand
the meaning of what is being said; primary auditory cortex damage (temporal
lobe)
3
...
Frontal lobotomy: surgery to treat mental disorders, including depression and
schizophrenia; started in late 1930’s; disconnect portion of the prefrontal
cortex;
b
...
Walter Freeman: transorbital lobotomy; ice pick through the eyes; abused the
treatment in order to make as much money as possible; did TX on children
and housewives;
4
...
Motor homunculus: pictorial representation of the divisions of the primary
motor cortex; larger parts of the brain control larger parts of the body such as
the hand and mouth, which require a lot of “motor” or motion “signals
...
5
...
Broca’s aphasia: damage to this area results in slow labored speech; can be
caused by a stoke; person might be able to understand what is being said but
will have trouble responding; person usually can make progress but not fully
recover; thought process is usually normal à can write down thoughts and
read the notes and then spell the words aloud in order to verbalize the
thoughts more easily;
b
...
What evidence is there that sensory and/or motor maps can be modified by
experience?
a
...
If your finger is amputated, at the adult age, the brain isn’t going to change
any significant amount
...
But
if this happens when young, a very small part of the motor cortex will control
that finger since it doesn’t exist
...
b
...
If neurons are damaged, (axon crushed),
most of the neurons will die back to the cell body and will sprout new axons
...
If Schwann
cells are intact, the neurons will grow back at the right target
...
i
...
Can’t make the
detailed movement because you don’t have the right neurons connected
to the right muscles
...
c
...
Relies more on auditory input
...
In adult: Occipital lobe would be “useless”
...
It won’t take up auditory functions
...
7
...
Damage to an infant brain: CNS as an adult -‐ it doesn’t grow new neurons
...
If there is damage to infant brain, instead of the tissue
disappearing and being filled up of glial cells, the new neurons will grow in its
place
...
studies with infant monkeys: If you remove one side of the brain, the
monkey will develop a new cortex
...
8
...
a
...
If injury is minor,
the person will make a full recovery
...
Some of the damage may not be seen until later
...
Toxins/poisons/drugs can damage the brain
...
c
...
d
...
Blood supply to part of the
brain is blocked
...
Another thing that could happen is a hemorrhage – blood vessel in the brain
ruptures
...
The
microglia come in and try to remove as much of the blood as possible
...
If blood is removed by doctor brain swells
àPersonality characteristics change
9
...
a
...
Some
people who have panic attacks have temporal lobe abnormalities
...
People with panic disorder: the volume of their temporal lobe
tends to be lower
...
i
...
Some infants would express anxiety to novel
stimuli
...
When the infants were 4 or 5 years old,
the ones that showed the anxiety to novel stimuli showed much more
fear when they were placed in novel lab rooms
...
ii
...
Eg//Valium
...
(Abilify serves as both an
agonist and antagonist
...
When the agonist that works as
benzodiazepines bind with the receptors, it increases the sensitivity to GABA
...
GABA is inhibitory
...
If neurons are more sensitive to
something that’s inhibitory, so it will counteract the anxiety
...
iii
...
In some cases, SSRI’s will be an
affective treatment for Panic Disorder
...
Describe the symptoms and possible causes of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
...
OCD usually develops in early adulthood; possible fairly strong genetic component;
might be a problem with species typical behavior (grooming, attention to sources of
danger, etc
...
Name two abnormalities of cellular structure found in the brains of schizophrenics
...
Increased Dopamine
b
...
What is the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?
a
...
Treatment includes anti-‐psychotics which block dopamine receptors
13
...
There is too little serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain of those who
suffer from depression; There could also be a problem with MAO;
b
...
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
ii
Title: Biological Aspects of Behavior
Description: Notes from doctoral course in psychology. Notes on language, aphasias, lobotomy, Motor homunculus, Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasias, sensory system, motor system, the brain, brain injuries, panic disorders, stroke, anxiety disorders, OCD, schizophrenia, monoamine hypothesis of depression, etc.
Description: Notes from doctoral course in psychology. Notes on language, aphasias, lobotomy, Motor homunculus, Wernicke’s and Broca’s aphasias, sensory system, motor system, the brain, brain injuries, panic disorders, stroke, anxiety disorders, OCD, schizophrenia, monoamine hypothesis of depression, etc.