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Chapter 1 - A Brief History of Microbiology
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek contributions include: quality of his handcrafted microscopes; observational
skills; detailed reports over 50 years; and discovery of many types of microorganisms
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The microorganisms that Leeuwenhoek described can be grouped into six basic categories, describe
each
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Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic organisms
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What was the contribution of Carolus Linnaeus?
 Developed taxonomic system which includes naming and grouping of plants and animals
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Explain why parasitic worms are still important to microbiologists
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6
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 Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
o No
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 What causes fermentation?
o Sugars are converted to acid by bacteria and alcohol by yeast
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Other diseases are caused by
genetics or environmental toxins
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Redi
Needham
Spallanzani
Experimented
He boiled beef gravy and
Broiled infusions for over
whether flies could
plant materials and sealed
an hour
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Melted necks closed
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The samples became cloudy
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Conclusion: animals
animate nonliving to living
only from animals
(spontaneous)
Conclusion: Needham
(Not spontaneous)
either failed to heat
sufficiently, contaminated
so…
(Not spontaneous)

Pasteur
-Broiled infusions in S
shape flasks
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Conclusion: Pasteur
concluded that life only
arises from other life
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List the four basic steps in the scientific method of investigation
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 Generate a hypothesis (potential answer)
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 Accepts, reject, or modify hypothesis
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Discuss the significance of Pasteur’s fermentation experiments to our world today
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 Today, the field of biotechnology uses microbes to manufacture products
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 Simple straining techniques
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 First photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
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 Use of steam to sterilize growth media
 Use of petri dishes to hold solid growth media
 Lab techniques such as transferring bacteria between media using a heated metal wire
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 The causing agent must be found in every disease and absent from healthy hosts
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 When introduced to a healthy host, the host must get the disease
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Hans Christian Gram developed a staining technique involving applying a series of dyes,
leaving some microbes purple, others pink
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Describe the contributions of the following: Semmelweis, Lister, Nightingale, Snow, Jenner, and
Erlich
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 Lister advanced antisepsis on wounds and surgical incisions
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Ordered for scrubbing and clean
clothes, and statistics to show poor food and unsanitary conditions were responsible factors
for death
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 Jenner coined the procedure called vaccination
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 Also, they contribute to decay of dead organisms and recycling carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
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