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Chapter 2 – The Chemistry of Microbiology
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 Matter = anything that takes up space and mass
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 Element = a piece of matter composed of a single type of atom
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Draw and label an atom showing the parts of the nucleus and orbiting electrons
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What is the difference between atomic mass, atomic number, and isotope?
 Atomic mass = protons + neutrons + electrons (negligible)
 Atomic number = number of protons
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 Electrons exist in shells or clouds that assume different shapes depending on energy
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First shell = 2e - , Second shell = 8 e - , Third shell = 8 e - to 18 e -
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Contrast molecules and compounds
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Contrast nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds
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Explain the relationship between electronegativity and the polarity of a covalent bond
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 Thus the more polar a molecule, the greater the pull from the electronegative atom on
electrons, away from its inferior neighbors
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Define ionization using the terms cation and anion
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Describe hydrogen bonds and discuss their importance in living systems
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DNA)
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 2 small molecules (join via covalent bond)  larger compound (Endothermic)

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A common synthesis in body is called dehydration synthesis (water product)
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Contrast endothermic and endothermic reactions
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Give an example of a decomposition reaction that involves breaking the bonds of a water molecule
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 Involve both features = breaking and forming bonds (involve both endo- and exothermic)
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 Cohesion: molecules stick through hydrogen bonding
o Surface tension, thin layer on the surface of cells
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 Excellent solvent: dissolves salts and other electrically charged molecules
 Remains a liquid across a wider range of temperatures
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 Participate in many chemical reactions
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Contrast acids, bases, and salts, and explain the role of buffers
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What is the pH scale? What is the relationship between acidity and pH value?
 pH scale = The negative logarithmic concentration of H+ in solution
 1 (Low pH) Acidic = High conc
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Of H+ = Basic (High pH) 14
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 Atoms that appear in common arrangements
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For the four classes of macromolecules, know their component monomers and type of bond that
links them together
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 Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides or simple sugars linked with glycosidic linkages
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Describe the structure of a triglyceride molecule, and compare it to that of a phospholipid
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 Phospholipids contain 2 tails
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20
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e
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no double bonds (C=C); solid at room Temp

only ONE double bond (C=C); liquid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid = MORE than one double bond (C=C)

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 Waxes (1 fatty tail + alcohol) do not have hydrophilic head, thus water insoluble
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22
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What are some important roles played in living
systems?
 (CH2O)n
 Functions include long-term storage, ready energy source, backbone for nucleic acids,
converted into amino acids, forms cell walls, and specific carb-proteins determine which cells
interact in immune response
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What’s the difference between a mono, di, and polysaccharide? Provide examples
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Pentose or Hexose)
 Disaccharide = 2 monosaccharides linked (ex
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Describe, and give examples of, five general functions of proteins in organisms
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hair, nails, outer
skin, muscle, flagella, cilia)
 Enzymatic Catalysis that enhance the speed of a chemical reaction
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hormones)
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 Defense and Offense as antibodies and complement are examples of defender proteins
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Know the general structure of an amino acid (structure to right)
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Describe the four levels of protein structure
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 Secondary Structure
o Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic/-philic characteristics cause
coiling and folding (alpha helix and beta sheet)
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o Complex 3D shapes that are uniquely designed to accomplish the function
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Only found with 2+ polypeptide chains linked together
o Shape is globular or fibrous
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Describe the basic structure of a nucleotide
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Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
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Compare the structures of ATP, ADP, and AMP
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They are high-energy bonds that is released when
ATP turns to ADP

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