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Chapter 3 – Cell Structure and Function
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 Growth as living things can grow in size
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 Responsiveness to their environment
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 Metabolism is to take in nutrients use them in a series of controlled chemical reactions
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Compare and Contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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Describe the composition, function, and relevance to human health of glycocalyces (aka slime)
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Bacterial biofilm in dental plaque
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 Rotation propels bacterium through environment
 avoid danger, towards food, chemical [chemotaxis], light [phototaxis]
 Are not present on all bacteria
 Composed of filament, Hook, and basal body
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 Peritrichous: flagella that cover the surface of the cell
 Polar: only cover ends
 Tufts of Polar: [not much info found]
 Endoflagella: found in spirochete bacteria, corkscrew
coating (axial filament) around cell
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Fimbriae (smallest)
Pili
Flagella (longest)
Used by bacteria to adhere to one
– Special type of fimbria
- longer
another, to
– AKA conjugation pili
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Describe common shapes and arrangements of bacterial cells
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Describe the sugar and peptide portions of peptidoglycan
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Compare the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in terms of structure and Gram
staining
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Compare the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria with typical Gram-positive cell walls
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 Outer membrane can implicate disease
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Prevents penicillin to the underlying peptidoglycan, thus drug useless
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Explain the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
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Describe the functions of a plasma membrane as they relate to permeability
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 Active transport requires ATP to go against the concentration gradient
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group translocation (in bacteria) = chemically altered product during transport
 Passive transport does not require ATP
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Examples include Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, and Osmosis
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Define osmosis and distinguish among isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
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 Cytosol – Liquid portion of cytoplasm
 Inclusions – May include reserve deposits of chemicals
 Endospores – Unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy
against unfavorable conditions
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 Deposits of lipids, starch, or compounds containing nitrogen, phosphate, or sulfur
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stored and used when nutrients are scarce
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 Ribosomes – Sites of protein synthesis
 Cytoskeleton – Plays a role in forming the cell’s basic shape
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 Glycocalyces are absent in eukaryotic cell walls
 Eukaryotic cell walls contain steroid lipids (cholesterol) for fluidity, plants have cellulose
 Only eukaryotes frequently attach chains of sugar to outer of lipids for signaling
 Both types can control materials in/out cell via endocytosis
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Contrast exocytosis and endocytosis
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This
done with cell forming arms called pseudopods
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 eukaryotes flagella are internal structures within cytoplasmic membrane
 eukaryotes push the cells through medium, prokaryotes have rotate motion
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 Only eukaryotes have cilia: motile, internal, hairs, shorter than flagella
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 Flagella are long, wavelike, slow moving, few
 Cilia are short, rotational, many, move substances along surface
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Ribosomes
Cytoskeletons
centrioles
- protein synthesizers
- internal scaffolding of fibers/
- only found in animal/ few
- larger in eukaryotes
tubules
fungi
- attached to membranes or
- anchor/ move organelles
- role in mitosis/ in
endoplasmic reticulum
- may contract cell for
formation of
Endocytosis
Flagella and cilia

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 eukaryotes have larger ribosomes than prokaryotes
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 tubulin microtubules
 microfilaments are composed of actin
 intermediate filaments contain various proteins
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Describe the endosymbiont theory of the origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and eukaryotic cells
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 Aerobic cells provide organelles and anaerobic cells becomes dependent host
 Aerobic prokaryote become mitochondria, and its cytoplasmic membrane become cristae
 chloroplasts origin from phagocytized photosynthetic prokaryotes
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 Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain small amount of circular DNA
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