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Chapter 5 – Microbial Metabolism
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 Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism
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 Anabolism refers to biosynthetic reactions that build large complex molecules from
simpler ones
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2
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 OIL RIG: oxidation involves loss, reduction involves gain
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3
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 Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of phosphate to ADP from
another phosphorylated organic compound
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 Photophosphorylation is using light energy to phosphorylate ADP with inorganic
phosphate
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Make a table listing the six basic types of enzymes, their activities, and an example of each
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Describe the components of holoenzyme, and contrast protein and RNA enzymes
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 RNA enzymes, or ribozymes, are not made of protein but instead RNA
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 Apoenzyme = a proteinaceous portion of an enzyme that is not active on its own
 Cofactors = a ‘key’ of sorts that activates the function of apoenzymes
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 If temperature is too high or too low, active site alters shape causing ‘fit’ issues
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o Both extreme acid or basic pH can control growth of unwanted microorganisms
 Increased substrate or enzyme concentration increases rate of enzymatic activity until…
o All active site are bound and the rate plateaus (saturation point)
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Can be permanent (loss of enzyme) or overcome with increased
substrate
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Sulfonamide has great affinity for enzyme to convert PABA to folic acid
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Glycolysis
o Also known as Embden-Meyerhof pathway
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o The starting molecule is a six carbon molecule glucose
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o Per glucose molecule…
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o Acetyl-CoA (2C) enters the Kreb’s Cycle and joins oxaloacetic acid (4C) to form citric acid
(6C)
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Half of each per crank of cycle
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o The molecules that enter the ETC…
o 10 NADH from glycolysis (2), conversion of CoA (2), and Krebs (6)
o 2 FADH2 from Krebs
 One NADH produces 3 ATP; One FADH produces 2 ATP
 Electrons are transported through protein complexes, finally accepted by oxygen to
form H2O
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 ATP polymerase is used to pump H+ back towards lower concentration
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In all three processes above, how many ATP’s are produced from one molecule of glucose?
 Glycolysis (2), Krebs (2), ETC (~34) = Total (~36) Eukaryotes
 In prokaryotes ~38

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The pentose phosphate pathway converts glucose 6-phosphate into phosphorylated 5carbon sugars
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The Enter-Doudoroff Pathway is a process in which glucose is catabolized into pyruvic
acid using enzymes that are different from both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate
pathway
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10
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 The goal of fermentation is to oxidize NADH to NAD+, with a final electron acceptor
besides oxygen (usually sulfate or nitrate), then reduces lactic acid to ethanol
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List three end-products of fermentation and explain how fermentation reactions are used to
identify bacteria
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 Proteus is able to ferment glucose but not lactose
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 Then, the glycerol can be converted to DHAP which can then be catabolized in the Krebs
cycle and glycolysis
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 Proteases enzymes are used to hydrolyze the proteins into amino acids
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14
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 Reactions that can proceed in either direction, toward catabolism or toward anabolism
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Describe the biosynthesis of carbohydrate
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 Mostly amphibolic; mostly glycolysis in reverse with unique enzymes (endergonic)
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 Reverse of their catabolism: attaching 3 fatty acids to a glycerol backbone
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 Acetyl-CoA are linked together to form fatty acids
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17
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 Synthesized from precursor metabolites from glycolysis, Krebs, and pentose phosphate
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Describe the biosynthesis of nucleic acids
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The phosphate group transferred from ATP
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