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Chapter 14 – Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Symbiotic
Relationships
1
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 Mutualism is when both members benefit from their interactions
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 Parasitism is when one member receives benefits at the cost of the other’s harm
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Describe the relationships among the terms parasite, host, and pathogen
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 In severe cases, a parasite kills its host and destroys its own home
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3
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 Resident microbiota remain a part of the normal microbiota of a person throughout life
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 Transient microbiota remain in the body only for a few hours, days, or months
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Describe the conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause disease
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 Disease, malnutrition, stress, aging, chemotherapy and other forms of immune suppression
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 Animal Reservoirs: direct contact with animals or their waste, eating animals, or via
bloodsucking mosquitos
 Human carriers: Humans can be infective before and after obvious symptoms appear
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 Contamination simply refers to the presence of microbes in or on the body
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Know Table 14
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gondii, T
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 Skin: through hair follicles, sweat glands, cuts, or surgeries
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Consider
table below
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List the types of adhesion factors and the roles they play in infection
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o Adhesion disks in some protozoa
o Suckers and hooks in helminths
o Viruses have attachment proteins
o Many bacteria have adhesins (some sort of glycoprotein or glyolipid)
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An example is dental plaque which causes
tooth decay
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Contrast signs, symptoms, and syndrome
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 Symptoms are subjective characteristics felt by the patient alone
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List Koch’s Postulates, explain their function, and describe their limitations
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 Limitations
o Some pathogens cannot be cultured in the laboratory
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o Ethical problems arise when applying pathogens into healthy human hosts
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


The ability of a microorganism to cause disease is pathogenicity
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14
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 Extracellular enzymes can dissolve molecules to invade deeper tissues
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Collagenase digests collagen
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Kinases
digest blood clots
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o Exotoxins destroy host cells or interfere with host metabolism
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 Adhesion Factors can increasingly help pathogens to attach to cells
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o Capsules are sugars, which is normally in body anyway
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o Inside phagocytes, bacteria produce chemicals preventing lysosomes, further delay the
bacteria’s death
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List and describe the five typical stages of infectious disease
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o Length depends on agent’s virulence, amount, the patient’s immune system, and the
site of infection
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Not all disease have this
stage
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Signs/symptoms are evident
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 Decline: The body slowly returns to normal as the immune system or medical treatment kicks in
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Repair of damaged tissues begin
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Contrast contact, vehicle, and vector transmission of pathogens
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This involves touching, sexual intercourse, money,
and doorknobs
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 Vectors transmission are often animals that transmit diseases from one host to another
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Contrast droplet transmission and airborne transmission
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(AC,
beds, or clothes)

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

Biological vectors include animals that serve as an inoculation host for the pathogen
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(houseflies and cockroaches)
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 Acute cases are rapid and short-lived
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 Subacute cases have durations somewhere between normal acute and chronic illnesses
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 A communicable disease comes from another infected host, even if it’s hard to do so
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Not like STDs
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 Local refers to an infection in a small region of the body, whereas systemic refers affecting
many systems
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 Primary refers to the initial infection within a given patient (first exposure)
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22
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 Epidemiology is the study of where, when, and how disease occur and are transmitted
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Contrast incidence and prevalence
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 Prevalence is the total number of cases, both new and pre-existing in a given area and period of
time
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Differentiate among the terms endemic, sporadic, epidemic, and pandemic
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 A sporadic is the occurrence of disease is scattered about in a given area and period of time
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 A pandemic is a disease occurring in more than one continent at any given time
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Explain descriptive, analytical, and experimental epidemiology
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Data
includes time and place of disease, age, gender, and socioeconomic history
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Experimental epidemiology involves controlled experiments to test a hypothesis about the
spread of disease
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 Nosocomial infections are acquired as a result of hospital stay
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Describe the factors that influence the development of nosocomial infections
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 The weakened immune systems of patients who are ill
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 Exogenous nosocomial infections are a direct result of hospital environment
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 Iatrogenic infections are a direct result of medical procedures
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