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18 – Immune Disorders
Type I Hypersensitivity

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Typically, IgE is found in small numbers within the blood
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In people with allergies, cytokines from type 2 helper T cells stimulate B cells to
release a higher than regular amount of IgE antibodies
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The hygiene hypothesis suggests carefree children are less likely to develop
allergies than children who have been sheltered
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Following initial exposure to allergens, IgE, which binds very strongly with its
stem to three types of defense cells (mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils)
sensitizing these cells to respond to future exposures to the allergen
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The Degranulation of Sensitized Cells
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Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity

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ii
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…that is, until the recipient produces enough antibody to destroy the foreign
cells
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This happens gradually over a long enough time that the severe symptoms and
signs mentioned above do not occur
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Construct a table comparing the key features of the four blood types in the ABO system
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iv
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Type III (Immune Complex‐Mediated Hypersensitivity)

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Immune complexes may also by deposited in joints, where they give rise to
arthritis
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People with this disorder have a red, butterfly-shaped rash that develops on the face of
many patients, giving them a wolflike appearance
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It is thought that this disease can be induced by some drugs
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Outline the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity
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When certain antigens contact the skin of sensitized individuals, they provoke
inflammation that begins to develop at the site only after 12–24 hours
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They delay in this cell-mediated response reflects the time it takes for antigenpresenting cells, macrophages and T cells to migrate to and divide at the site of the
antigen
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Describe the significance of the tuberculin skin test
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When tuberculin is injected into the skin of a healthy, never-infected or unvaccinated
person, no response occurs
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In contrast, when tuberculin is injected into someone currently or previously infected
with M
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c
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