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Chapter 2 – ATP
What is energy and why do organisms need it?

Energy is the ‘ability’ to do work
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Organisms need energy for the following processes:
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Making substances e
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hormones
Active transport
Muscle contraction (locomotion/circulation of blood)
Metabolism – reactions in the body
Maintenance/repair/division of cells
Maintenance of body heat in endotherms
How does ATP store energy?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic nucleotide
group with 2 phosphate molecules
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How is ATP synthesised?

Oxidative phosphorylation – occurs in the mitochondria during chemiosmosis as electrons
move down the electron transport chain in a series of redox reactions
Photophosphorylation – occurs in the chlorophyll molecules during photosynthesis where
energy given out by the electron transport chain is used to form ATP
Substrate-level phosphorylation – phosphate groups are donated by other molecules, e
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pyruvate in glycolysis

What is the role of ATP in biological processes?

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Metabolic processes – forming macromolecules from their subunits e
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polypeptides from amino acids
Movement – ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction
Active transport – provides energy to change the shape of the carrier molecule
Secretion – formation of lysosomes to secrete substances
Activation of molecules – increase the reactivity of some molecules e
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addition of
phosphate to glucose at the start of glycolysis



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