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Title: Organic Chemistry (Specific topics only, look at description)
Description: These notes introduce the following topics: -Drawing Arrows -Resonance -Hybridization -Allylic vs. Vinylic -Delta G formula -IR -IHD formula -Acidic vs. Basic and using pKa -Most acidic H/D atom -Boiling Point and Solubility
Description: These notes introduce the following topics: -Drawing Arrows -Resonance -Hybridization -Allylic vs. Vinylic -Delta G formula -IR -IHD formula -Acidic vs. Basic and using pKa -Most acidic H/D atom -Boiling Point and Solubility
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Organic Chemistry Notes
#1 rule: Carbon has 4 bonds
...
• Back of arrowà negative charge/electrons
• Front (Head) of arrow àprotons/atoms you’re attacking
• Count your atoms-‐especially if you need to conduct a retro-‐synthesis
Resonance
• SUPER important in organic chemistry
• Stability, acid/bases, and hybridization are all about resonance-‐push electrons
• Resonate with only lone pairs or double bonds-‐can push electrons to the next atom
or bond, don’t resonate too far to several atoms away!
• Stability is based on number of charges and how well the atom is with a charge
o Negative -‐ charges: O>N>C
o positive + charges: N>O>C
Hybridization
• sp3 àsingle bonds
• sp2 àdouble bonds
• sp àtriple bonds
•
•
Keep the lone pairs in mind!!! Especially for S,O,N…etc
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Allylic vs
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Vinylic is unstable and would prefer to resonate if possible
...
7)(pkA)
IR:
• Graph of the vibrational frequencies and energies of each bond in a molecule
There are general absorption charts that exist, here are some examples of easily
identifiable ranges include:
O-‐H (alcohol)-‐ 3400-‐3700 C=O (aldehyde/ketone)-‐1650-‐1800
• If the graph has both alcohol and ketone-‐check for carboxylic acids as a possible
answer choice
• These questions are relatively easy: just match your graph to the given peaks
...
A triple bond counts as two IHD
...
Example:
o C6H10 has an IHD of 2: Can have a ring and a double bond or one triple bond
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Can have a ring or a double bond
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Can have a ring and a double bond or one triple bond
...
8 in pH of 7, pKa
How to tell between two atoms which is more acidic:
• CARIO
o C-‐Charges
o A-‐atoms (periodic table trends)
o R-‐resonance:
§ Stronger acid-‐more stable with electrons/(-‐) charge, check for
possible resonance to offset electrons
§ Stronger base-‐less stable with electrons (more reactive ex
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F, Cl, Br are highly inductive
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o O-‐orbitals, more s character=more acidic
§ Example Sp3=25% s character, Sp2=33% s character, Sp=50% s
character
Most Acidic H atom
• Generally the H that can resonate the best is the most acidic
...
• The H atom in aldehydes is NOT acidic
Acidity/Basicity Deuterium atom
• OD-‐/D2O is basically similar to water D20-‐H2O
• Acidic Hydrogens only will be replaced by D’s when put in excess solution of D2O
• Remember: It can happen as many times as possible (number of acidic H)-‐replace
ALL possible H with D
Boiling Point
• Higher boiling comes from more intermolecular forces between the molecules in a
solution
• More hydrogen bonds or other strong bonds= high BP
...
o The more polar or charged the molecule the better
Title: Organic Chemistry (Specific topics only, look at description)
Description: These notes introduce the following topics: -Drawing Arrows -Resonance -Hybridization -Allylic vs. Vinylic -Delta G formula -IR -IHD formula -Acidic vs. Basic and using pKa -Most acidic H/D atom -Boiling Point and Solubility
Description: These notes introduce the following topics: -Drawing Arrows -Resonance -Hybridization -Allylic vs. Vinylic -Delta G formula -IR -IHD formula -Acidic vs. Basic and using pKa -Most acidic H/D atom -Boiling Point and Solubility