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Respiration and Circulation
Cellular respiration – the process by which the energy stored in food inside the cells
is released
Physical respiration – the process of releasing energy in a complex series of chemical
reactions
Internal respiration – the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood
in the capillaries and the cytoplasm of individual cells
External respiration- the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and
blood in the lungs
Nasal cavity – hollow spaces behind the nostrils subdivided by nasal bones lined with
blood vessels that act as a filter to moisten and warm air before it reaches the lungs
Pharynx – a cone shaped passage way leading from the nasal cavity to the larynx that
is shared with the digestive system
...
Makes sure foreign matter doesn’t enter the lungs
...
Air goes through them from the trachea to each lung and
distributes air through the lungs
Bronchial tubes – A group of tiny cartilaginous tubes in the lungs which distribute air
to the alveoli
Alveoli - Hollow grape shaped cavities with walls that are 1 cell thick
...
The double layer allows the lungs to move freely
Lung - Large lobed strictures which house the alveoli

Diaphragm - A muscle forming the floor of the chest cavity that separates the lungs
from the abdominal cavity
...
They help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity when you
breathe
...

Internal intercostal muscles - responsible for the depression of the ribs
decreasing the
transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity
...
They move mucus and trapped foreign matter to the pharynx from the
trachea
...
The passageway to the alveoli may
swell and clog with mucus causing severe coughing and troubled breathing
...
The bronchioles spasm, squeezing the air passages, can be due to genetics,
air pollution and tobacco smoke
...

Emphysema - when too many particles from smoking or other air pollution damages
the walls of the alveoli causing scar like tissue to form, reducing the working area of
the respiratory surface
...
Can be due to smoking, genetics, coal mining
...

Complemental Air – the air that can still be inhaled after a normal respiration
Reserve Air- the air left in your lungs after you breathe out
Hemoglobin - a red, iron containing protein that combines easily with oxygen and
carries oxygen from the lings to the body tissues
...


Carbon Monoxide – has a greater attraction for hemoglobin than oxygen so when
there is too much it prevents oxygen from joining with hemoglobin suffocating the
cells due to lack of oxygen
...

3 functions of Blood

-transportation – transports materials to and from all the cells of the body

-regulation – blood absorbs heat from warm areas of the body and releases it in
cooler areas
...
It also has the ability to clot, preventing
blood loss in the event of an injury
...

Plasma – the liquid part of blood that makes up about 55% of blood
...


-Cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
...


-They contain no nuclei
...


-Old blood cells are removed from the blood by the liver and the spleen and then
broken down

-the shape is important because it decreses the chances of plugging the capillaries
Anemia – When a person has too few red blood cells or an insufficient amount of
hemoglobin
...
It
leads to the cells of the body not receiving enough oxygen
...
Blood cells that fight infection
...
They can move on their own and
squeeze between the cells of capillary walls
...
Over production of
some types of leukocytes
Platelets - cell fragments that are involved in blood clotting
...
They last about 7 days
...
5 trillion
...
Eventually the whole structure dries up into a scab
Plasmin – a plasma enzyme that when activated dissolves the fibrin clot
Factors preventing clots inside a blood vessel

-the smoothness of the inner wall of the vessel prevents platelets from becoming
activated

-substances in blood act as anticoagulants and prevent clot formation
Anticoagulant – a chemical that prevents internal blood clots
Hemophilia - a heredity disease where you lack one of the clotting factors
Embolism –a blockage of a blood vessel caused by a blood clot or air bubble
...


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ABO Blood Group
Blood Types

Antigens
(on red blood
cells)

Antibodies
(in plasma)

A

A

Anti-b

B

B

Anti-A

AB

A, B

None

O

None

Anti-a, antib

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Rh factors – a group of antigens found on the surface of red blood cells
...
In later pregnancies if the baby is Rh+ the anti-Rh
antibodies will the destroy the babies red blood cells leading to miscarriages and the
fetus possibly decaying in the uterus causing TSS in the mother
...

Heart – located to the left of the body
...

Left Atrium – the left upper chamber of the heart that receives oxygen rich blood
from the lungs

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Left Ventricle - distributes oxygen rich blood to the aorta to circulate throughout the
body
Blood enters the heart through the atria, the atria contract pushing blood into the
ventricles
...


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Septum - a wall in the heart that separates the atrium and the ventricle on the left
from the atrium and the ventricle on the right
...

Semi-lunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)– control the flow of blood out of the heart
and into the main arteries
Coronary arteries/veins – the veins and arteries that supply the muscles of the heart
with oxygen and glucose
...

Aorta - a large artery where oxygen rich blood passes through from the left ventricle
for distribution throughout the body
Arteries - tubes that direct blood away from the heart
Veins - tubes that direct blood toward and into the heart
Capillaries – the smallest of blood vessels that distribute oxygenated blood from
arteries to the tissues of the body and take deoxygenated blood from the tissues back
into the veins
The walls of the heart
Endocardium – the innermost layer which lines the chambers, it is composed of a thin
membrane that is continuous with the lining of the arteries and veins
...
It is a muscular layer
composed of cardiac muscle tissue
Epicardium – the outermost layer of the heart
...
This layer is only one cell thick
...


EKG (electrocardiogram) – translates the heart’s electrical activity into line tracings
on paper
...

Heartbeat

1st sound Lub– closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves when ventricles begin to
contract –Systole phase

2nd sound Dub – closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves after blood is pumped
from the ventricles when the contraction is finished
...

Diastole - the second beat of the heart when the heart rest, the atria are empty and
refill the empty ventricles
...
It is
measured with a sphagmometer
...
The patient becomes anaemic and prone to
gangrene
...

Untreated diabetes may progress this way
Pacemaker – if the pace center is damaged, an electronic pacemaker is put in to
replace and assist it
...
It indicated the
heart is being made to work too hard and is in danger of wearing out
...
high stress- causing continuous high levels of adrenaline in the body
2
...
Blockages in the coronary arteries which feed the heart can cause
sections of the heart to die due to lack of oxygen resulting in a heart attack
...
If the
artery was large and causes death of larger areas, it causes a major heart attack
Angioplasty – when a small balloon is inflated into the artery to open it and allow
blood to flow through
...
Sometimes
platelets burst on the mesh and cause clotting
...

3
...
Steroid abuse has a similar effect
...

First Line of Defense -  skin, sweat, tears, saliva, membranes lining body passages,
mucus, stomach acid, and urine
...
Sweat, tears and saliva contain
chemicals that kill some bacteria
...
Stomach acid destroys many pathogens that may be present in
food
...
Damaged cells release certain
chemicals that increase blood flow to that area, this causes puffiness and warmth and
attracts phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)
...
Eventually pus forms and pathogen is destroyed, inflammation
dies down and the wound heals
...
It
causes nearby uninfected cells to produce enzymes that block the reproduction of the
virus
...

They develop from monocytes
Pus – a mixture of phagocytes, dead cells, bacteria and body fluid
...

Third Line of Defense – the pathogen is targeted for destruction by the body’s
immune system
...

Phagocyic – when cells engulf bacterial invaders, foreign substances and cancer cells
by phagocytosis
Neutrophils - phagocytosis of small particles
Monocytes - phagocytosis of large particles
Eosinophils - release clot-digesting enzyme; combat allergy causing substances
Basophils – release heparin an
Interferon – a protein that causes nearby uninfected cells to produce enzymes that
block the reproduction of the virus
Immunity – the ability of the body to fight infection through the production of
antibodies or cells that inactivate foreign substances of cells
...

Antigen – a protein foreign to your body that can cause an immune response
...

They are specialized proteins that act as part of the immune system
Primary immune response - when an antigen enters your body for the first time
...
The next 10-15 days there is a gradual rise in the levels
...

Active immunity – then body produces its own antibodies or killer T cells to attack a
particular antigen

Passive immunity - a person is given antibodies obtained from the blood of either
another person or an animal
B cells – a type of lymphocyte that is produced and matured in the bone marrow, then
released in the circulatory and lymphatic systems
• Targets bacteria
• Initially a t cell will contact an antigen
• A macrophage will then swollen the antigen and display it on its surface
• A helper t cell will read the antigen and stimulate the t cell to divide into a
memory T and a killer T
• The killer T will bond to the infected cell and burst it
T cells – lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow and matured in the
thymus gland and are then released into the circulatory and lymphatic system
• Targets viruses/ tumours
• Initially a B cell will contact an antigen
• A macrophage will then swollen the antigen and display it on its surface
• A helper T cell will read the antigen and then stimulate the B cell to divide into
a memory cell and a Killer B cell
• The Killer B cell produces antibodies which bind to the antigen to tag it for
white blood cells
...

HIV/ AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
...
This causes AIDS
...
It is commonly spread by sex,
sharing of needles, blood transfusions (prior to 1985), pregnancy
...
Your body
targets something as an allergen causing your body to release histadine from body
cells at the site of the immune reaction

Autoimmune disease – when the immune system fails to recognize some of the
person’s cells as them and produces antibodies against them 

-juvenile diabetes

-m
...

Stroke – when blood flow is stopped in the brain and the brain does not receive
oxygen and cells die
...
Milkmaids
didn’t get smallpox, they caught cowpox
...
A few weeks later, pus from a smallpox pustule was taken
from a corpse and injected into the boy
...


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