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RENAL PATHOLOGY
Describe the pathophysiology of kidney obstruction and the consequences:
Renal failure is caused by the kidneys inability to remove metabolic waste and products
from the body
...

There are 3 categories of renal failure causes:
Pre-renal
Pre-renal failure is caused by hypovolaemia or lack of blood flow to the kidneys
...

a
...
Prolonged hypotension
c
...
Heart failure
supply to the kidneys
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Haemorrhage
Intra-renal
This is caused by some of abnormality within the kidney
a
...
Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of
Different types of abnormalities in
glomerulus)
the kidneys
...
Polycystic kidney disease (cysts on the
kidneys)
d
...
Kidney stones
Things that cause an obstruction of
b
...

c
...
Vesicoureteral reflux (from bladder back to kidneys)

There are many different types of renal conditions and diseases, but one thing they have in
common is that somewhere along the renal system there is a dysfunction that affects that
has a systemic effect
...
The lack of blood supply to the kidneys can cause hypoxia of the cells, and
they can begin to die, and then the dead cells begin to block the nephrons
...
Usually lasts about 2 weeks
but it can become a chronic condition if not treated
...

Acute glomerulonephritis can become chronic glomerulonephritis, and the glomerulus is
replaced with fibrous connective tissue and unable to filter fluid – chronic renal failure
Urinary Obstruction
Anything that obstructs the flow of fluid/urine
...


Describe how infection can impact the urinary tract and its function
A urinary tract infection can be caused by an obstruction within the urinary tract, or reflux
flow of urine
...
Can be caused by infection in
the blood stream or infection back tracking from the bladder
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Oliguric/anuric phase
2
...
Recovery phase
Oliguria – 500mL/day
Anuric - <400mL/day

Produce about 600mosmol of waste, and the minimum
volume of urine where that much can be excreted is
about 500mL/day

Oliguric/anuric phase
Is when there is a urine output of <400mL lasting up to 10-14 days
...


Recovery phase
The renal functions are slowly starting to recover, 70% to 80% of normal GFR after 1-2 years
of treatment
...
Stopping the cause of the acute renal failure, this could mean having to take
medication to improve perfusion or removing toxic agents
2
...
Prevention of secondary infections due to a decreased immunity
4
...
These dead nephrons eventually become replaced with connective tissue
End stage renal failure
GFR has dropped to <5% and at this stage patient must undergo dialysis or a renal
transplant to be able to survive

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