Notesale: Turn your study into money

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C1 Topics 1 & 2: The Earth’s Sea and Atmosphere
& Materials from the Earth
Early Atmosphere
1
...
We know this
happened because modern volcanoes behave the same way, much like
teenagers
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2
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3
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4
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5
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g
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6
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One of the ways we know what the atmosphere was like was that rocks have records
of it
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This indicates there wasn’t enough oxygen for oxidation to occur
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Modern Atmosphere
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, 0
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Things that are contributing to the changing of the atmosphere:
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We burn fossil fuels, which increases carbon dioxide
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We use fertilisers, which increases nitrogen oxide
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Types of Rock
1
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This forms when lava or magma cools and solidifies
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Examples are basalt and granite
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This happens because as particles cool they lose kinetic energy and
eventually bond to form crystals
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If it happens quickly, all the
particles flip their shit and form crystals simultaneously and then they
only get a few particles each
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Sedimentary
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The pressure causes the layers to harden
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Examples of sedimentary rock are limestone and
chalk
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Metamorphic
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An example is marble
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Calcium carbonate, or limestone
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2
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Add water to form calcium hydroxide and to heat; the water
will boil and spit
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Calcium hydroxide
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4
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React it with carbon dioxide to form
a cloudy precipitate of calcium carbonate
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You want soil as close to neutral as
possible for growing crops in
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When sulphur dioxide reacts with
the water in the clouds, it forms acid rain
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Calcium sulphate can also be sold, as it’s a useful product
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C1 Topics 3 and 4: Acids & Obtaining and Using
Metals
Acids and Neutralisation
A base is a compound that can neutralise an acid
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g
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We have hydrochloric acid in our stomachs
naturally, but an excess of this can cause indigestion
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Chemical Testing and Uses of Gases
Lighted splint + hydrogen gas = squeaky pop
Glowing splint + oxygen = relights
Litmus paper + chlorine gas = bleached
We use oxygen for breathing and combustion
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We use chlorine for bleach and disinfectant
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They need to be extracted so
they can be used
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Zinc-copper are extracted by
heating with carbon
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Electrolysis
Cathode is a negative electrode
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Positive ions are
attracted to the cathode and negative to the anode
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Heating with Carbon
For example:
Zinc oxide + carbon = carbon dioxide +
zinc
The carbon’s more reactive so it
displaces the oxygen, it is oxidised and
the zinc is reduced
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It can have different properties
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Shape memory alloys can reform the same shape after being bent
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The carat and fineness system are ways of stating how much gold is present in an
alloy of gold
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9% gold
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Less environmental damage by mining
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Preserves the supply of metal ore

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