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Title: Basic English Grammar
Description: The term "grammar" can also be used to describe the rules that govern the linguistic behaviour of a group of speakers.
Description: The term "grammar" can also be used to describe the rules that govern the linguistic behaviour of a group of speakers.
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Book
BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
1
Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will
greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English
grammar basics
...
Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe
instant reinforcement or intervention
...
H
...
sdlback
...
All rights reserved
...
ISBN 1-59905-201-6
Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Introduction
Grammar is a very old field of study
...
Why? Because skill in speaking
and writing is the hallmark of all educated people
...
All students of English, be they native speakers or those
who are studying English as a second language, will
profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
grammar provided by SADDLEBACK’S BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR 1 and 2
...
We wish you every success in your pursuit of English
proficiency
...
It gives you an idea of what
grammar is about
...
Every name is called a noun,
Noun
As field and fountain, street and town
...
The adjective describes a thing,
As magic wand or bridal ring
...
How things are done the adverbs tell,
ition
Prepos
As quickly, slowly, badly, well
...
Conjunctions join, in many ways,
Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase
...
A B
C
N O P
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Q R
S
T
U V W X
L M
Y
Z
When do you use a capital letter?
4
Use a capital letter for the first letter in a
sentence:
The dog is barking
...
Tom and I are good friends
...
Then write
the correct letter in the space above them
...
2
we are going to chicago during our summer
vacation
...
4
jason lives on thomson avenue
...
Exercise 2
Look at the signs on the left
...
hopkins hotel
lincoln school
orchard street
newton road
botanic gardens
national library
shea stadium
3
Nouns
Common Nouns
Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns
...
These are words for people
...
artist
Word File
Here are more words for people:
actor
aunt
baby
baker
cook
dentist
doctor
giant
you kn
o
w
D
id
lawyer
judge
man
nurse
police officer
singer
soldier
teacher
acrobat
clown
astronaut
?
Another word for astronaut is
spaceman or spacewoman
...
They are common nouns
...
They are common nouns
...
10
airport market
cave
mountain
church playground
farm
restaurant
hill
school
hospital seashore
hotel stadium
house supermarket
island temple
mall
zoo
These are words for things
...
basket
bed
drum
cake
blanket
Word File
Here are more words for things:
bag
box
bread
can
chair
cot
cup
desk
door
egg
gate
11
kite
ladder
lamp
picture
radio
television
train
truck
watch
window
Exercise 1
Underline the common nouns in these sentences
...
2 Who is your teacher?
3 Don’t eat that rotten apple
...
5 I like reading stories
...
7 Every child has a dictionary
...
9 The phone is ringing
...
Exercise 2
Here’s a mixed bag of words
...
swimmer
letters
mountain
granny
People
snail
flag
fox
taxi
fire engine
river
hotel
gardener
Animals
clown
barber
parrot
camel
Places
Things
12
Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or
things
...
Omar
Beethoven
Santa Claus
Word File
Here are some more names
of people:
Ali Baba
Florence Nightingale
Derek Jeter
Pauline
Johnny Depp
Patrick
Harry Potter
Pinocchio
Robin Hood
you kn
o
w
D
id
Lisa
?
Your own name and the names
of your friends are proper
nouns too
...
American
Egyptian
Japanese
Korean
Indian
Malay
Italian
Filipino
Thai
Pakistani
Country
People
Country
People
America
Egypt
India
Italy
Japan
Americans
Egyptians
Indians
Italians
the Japanese
Korea
Malaysia
Pakistan
France
Thailand
Koreans
Malaysians
Pakistanis
the French
Thais
14
The names of towns, cities, buildings and landmarks
are proper nouns
...
Days
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
March
Sunday
February
June
r
October
Mar
ch
6
March
July
7
Satu
rda
y
April
August
November
December
Months
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
o
w
D
Friday
day
es
Wedn
March
5
e
Septemb
4
3
Tuesda
y
Thursday
May
you kn
2
March
January
id
Monday
1
March
March
March
?
January is the first month of the year
...
A table that shows the months, weeks and
days
16
The names of mountains, seas, rivers and lakes are
proper nouns
...
Mount means mountain
...
For example: Mount Everest
Mount St
...
For example: Mt
...
Fuji
17
The names of festivals, some special events and holidays
are proper nouns, too
...
Patrick’s Day
18
New Year’s Day
Exercise 1
Underline the proper nouns in the following
sentences
...
2 One day Ali Baba saw the forty thieves hiding in a
cave
...
4 Mr
...
5 “I am your fairy godmother,” said the old woman to
Cinderella
...
7 Next Tuesday is a public holiday
...
Exercise 2
Look at the words in the box
...
Lisa
January
doctor
bank
beach
month
President Hotel
White Sand Beach
Dr
...
1 _______ the White House
2 _______ the green dress
3 _______ the tall building
4 _______ the Empire State Building
5 _______ the Yellow River
6 _______ the muddy river
7 _______ the governor
8 _______ Governor Parker
9 _______ the Oregon Trail
1
0 _______ the winding trail
Exercise 4
Underline the nouns that should be capitalized
...
1 Robert louis Stevenson wrote treasure island
...
3 My Friends and I prefer Glittergums toothpaste
...
5 Juan and maria attend kennedy Middle school
...
7 Spring and Fall are my favorite Seasons
...
20
Singular Nouns
Nouns can be singular or plural
...
an owl
a ship
a train
a woman
Word File
These are also singular nouns:
an airplane
a bicycle
a boy
a bus
a comb
a girl
a key
a flower
21
a letter
a map
a photograph
a refrigerator
a slide
a swing
a van
Gr
m ar H
elp
am
4 Use a or an before singular nouns
...
For example, say:
an axe
an egg
an envelope
an ice cream
an igloo
an orange
an umbrella
an uncle
4 But some words don’t follow this rule
...
For example, say:
a basket
a bowl
a car
a hill
a house
a rainbow
a monster
a pillow
a watch
a zoo
4 But some words don’t follow this rule
...
Most nouns are made plural by adding -s at the end
...
glass
brush
bus
glasses
brushes
buses
Word File
watch
watches
foxes
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
fox
Singular
beach
branch
box
bush
church
dish
dress
sandwich
witch
Plural
beaches
branches
boxes
bushes
churches
dishes
dresses
sandwiches
witches
ch
When the last letters of singular
nouns are ch, sh, s, ss or x,
you usually add -es to form
the plural
...
butterflies
canaries
canary
butterfly
Word File
am
Plural
babies
cherries
diaries
dictionaries
fairies
families
flies
ladies
libraries
puppies
stories
strawberries
lilies
lily
candies
candy
m ar H
elp
Gr
Singular
baby
cherry
diary
dictionary
fairy
family
fly
lady
library
puppy
story
strawberry
+
i
Nouns like these are made
plural by changing y to i, and
adding -es
...
s
y
key
turkey
keys
turkeys
tray
Word File
Singular
chimney
cowboy
day
donkey
jersey
kidney
monkey
toy
trolley
valley
trays
26
Plural
chimneys
cowboys
days
donkeys
jerseys
kidneys
monkeys
toys
trolleys
valleys
If a noun ends in -f, you often change f to v, and add -es
...
f
Singular
s
Singular Plural
Singular
Plural
chef
chefs
handkerchief handkerchiefs
chief
chiefs
roof
roofs
cliff
cliffs
sheriff
sheriffs
For some words that end in -f, the plural can be spelled
in two different ways
...
you kn
o
w
D
id
Singular
knife
life
wife
Plural
knives
lives
wives
f
v e
?
But you only add -s to giraffe to form the
plural
...
a rhino
rhinos
Word File
a kangaroo
kangaroos
Singular
a hippo
a video
a zoo
Plural
hippos
videos
zoos
But with some nouns that end in -o, you add -es to form
the plural
...
Singular
a mango
a mosquito
a zero
a buffalo
Plural
mangoes
mosquitoes
zeroes
buffaloes
28
Plural
mangos
mosquitos
zeros
buffalos
Some plural nouns don’t follow the -s rule
...
Instead, the word changes form
...
29
feet
Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun
...
30
Some nouns are always plural
...
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
spectacles
You can make these plural nouns singular by
using a pair of:
a pair of binoculars
a pair of spectacles
a pair of goggles
a pair of jeans
a pair of shorts
a pair of pliers
a pair of shoes
31
Exercise 1
Look at the words below
...
Singular Plural
word
pencils
books
fan
hat
children
kites
people
crab
foxes
Exercise 2
Do you add -s or -es to these singular nouns to make
them plural? Write your answers on the lines
...
Singular
Plural
Singular
1 key
6 toy
2 city
7 baby
3 butterfly
8 party
4 monkey
9 chimney
5 fly
Plural
10 lady
Exercise 4
All these singular nouns end with -o
...
Singular
Plural Singular
1 video
6 radio
2 piano
7 hippo
3 mango
8 zoo
4 kangaroo
9 zero
5 rhino
10 photo
33
Plural
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are words for groups of people,
animals or things
...
a family
a crew
an orchestra
Word File
Here are some more groups
of people:
am
a gang
a group
a team
m ar H
elp
Gr
an audience
a band
a choir
a class
Many collective nouns can be used with a
singular or plural verb
...
or
My family were happy to see me
...
a brood of chickens
a band of musicians
a school of fish
Word File
Here are some more
collective nouns:
a bunch of keys
a class of pupils
a collection of books
a deck of cards
a fleet of ships
a flock of sheep
a gaggle of geese
a gang of robbers
a herd of cattle
a litter of cubs
a pod of whales
a pack of wolves
a pride of lions
a set of stamps
a swarm of bees
a troupe of actors
a team of players
a flight of steps
35
Exercise
Farmer John had several different kinds of animals
on his farm
...
Farmer John had:
a
of geese
a
of sheep
a
of cattle
a
of horses
One day a
of coyotes tried to attack his animals
...
36
Masculine and Feminine Nouns
Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and
male animals
...
rooster
bridegroom
bride
hen
lion
lioness
Word File
king
Masculine
boy
man
prince
steward
waiter
queen
37
Feminine
girl
woman
princess
stewardess
waitress
Here are some more masculine and feminine nouns for
people
...
Feminine nouns belong to the
feminine gender
...
Animal
Female
chicken
cattle
deer
donkey
duck
fox
goose
horse
lion
sheep
tiger
rooster
bull
buck
jack
drake
fox
gander
stallion
lion
ram
tiger
hen
cow
doe
jenny
duck
vixen
goose
mare
lioness
ewe
tigress
you kn
o
id
w
D
Male
?
Nouns that end in -ess and -ress often belong
to the feminine gender
...
dancers
doctors
scientists
Word File
Nouns like these are used for
both males and females:
accountants
artists
designers
engineers
lawyers
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
hairdressers
parents
managers
pupils
singers
teachers
We call these nouns common-gender nouns
...
leaves
bench
fire
mirror
waterfall
Word File
Here are some neuter nouns:
ball
building
broom
cake
computer
card
floor
41
forest
gymnasium
playground
rock
sky
socks
wind
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct masculine or
feminine nouns
...
1 The host and the ____________ welcomed their guests
...
3 My uncle and ________ lived in Nebraska
...
The prince was eight and the
_____________ was five
...
42
Exercise 3
Look at the words in the box
...
children
boy
mother
lamp
ram
Masculine
sun
son
queen
doctor
rooster
witch
father
file
dancer
elf
Feminine
king
girl
teacher
wizard
fish
Common Gender
Neuter
43
4
Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common
noun or a proper noun
...
Personal Pronouns
The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called
personal pronouns
...
My name is David
...
This is my father
...
This is my mother
...
I have a brother and two sisters
...
I have a dog
...
Lucky, you are a good dog
...
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
My family and I live in a big city
...
The subject of a sentence is the person, animal,
place or thing that does the action shown by the
verb
...
They also take the place of nouns
...
I am standing on my head
...
My mother is kind
...
Lisa, I told you to tidy your bed!
Sharon and Jenny! Dad is waiting for you!
Lucky and I are playing in the park
...
You must not play with the knife
...
Pick up your toys and put them away
...
I sometimes lend it to him
...
Mother bird has to feed them
...
45
Gr
m ar H
elp
am
There are three groups of pronouns: first person,
second person and third person
...
The first-person pronouns are I or me (in the singular) and
we or us (in the plural)
...
The
second-person pronoun is you (in both singular and plural)
...
The third-person pronouns are he or him, she or
her, and it (in the singular), and they or them (in the plural)
...
The pronoun he is used for men and boys, she for
women and girls, and it for things and animals
...
Subject
Object
First person singular
Second person singular
Third person singular
I
you
he
she
it
me
you
him
her
it
First person plural
Second person plural
Third person plural
we
you
they
us
you
them
46
Reflexive Pronouns
The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called
reflexive pronouns
...
I made this cake myself
...
You’ll cut yourself
...
Susan has hurt herself
...
We organized the party all by ourselves
...
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
Baby birds are too young to look after themselves
...
First person
Second person
Third person
Singular
Plural
(I,me) myself
(you) yourself
(he, him) himself
(she, her) herself
(it) itself
(we,us) ourselves
(you) yourselves
(they, them) themselves
(they, them) themselves
(they, them) themselves
47
Interrogative Pronouns
The words who, whom, whose, what and which are
called interrogative pronouns
...
Whom
Who
Who is he talking to?
Who are those people?
Whom are you playing with?
Whom is he talking to?
Which
Whose
Which of these bags is yours?
Which do you prefer?
Whose is this umbrella?
Whose are these gloves?
What
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
What is your dog’s name?
What are you talking about?
What is the time?
Who can be used as the object of a verb as well
as the subject
...
For example,
you can say:
Who are you playing with?
or
Whom are you playing with?
48
Demonstrative Pronouns
The words this, these, that and those are called
demonstrative pronouns
...
Those are goats
...
That is a mountain
...
What are those?
We can do better
than that
...
You mean you won?
That’s amazing!
Hello, who is that
speaking, please?
Hello, is that you,
George?
These are sheep
...
This is a hill
...
What is this?
Did you drop this?
Hi, Jane! This is Michael!
You use this and these when you point to things
near you
...
Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural:
Singular
this
that
49
Plural
these
those
Exercise 1
Draw a line to join each of the subject pronouns
to the object pronoun that matches
...
1 Peter and I are brothers
...
2 Sue isn’t well
...
3 My brother is a teacher
...
4 All his students like _______ very much
...
_______ works in a hospital
...
_______ is going to rain
...
Are you coming
with _______?
10 May _______ borrow your pen?
11 Yes, of course
...
yourselves
himself
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
themselves
yourself
itself
ourselves
myself
herself
No one can help us
...
Jane always makes the bed by ____________
...
I hurt ____________ in the playground yesterday
...
Children, you must do the homework ____________
...
The dog is scratching ____________
...
It tells you more about
a noun
...
Sometimes, though, the adjective appears
after the noun, later in the sentence
...
John’s handwriting is very neat
...
All the players are very tall
...
Sue’s drawing is beautiful
...
Peter is very quiet today
...
1 There is an empty room upstairs
...
3 You are so kind
...
5 This park is clean and green
...
7 I think these eggs are rotten
...
There isn’t anything to do
...
10 James was absent because he was ill
...
hot
high
1
large
sweet
short free
poor playful
The ice cream is very _________
...
3 The company is giving away _________ gifts to its
customers
...
5 Jean is wearing a _________ skirt
...
7 These puppies are very _________
...
53
Adjective Endings
Adjectives have different endings
...
a beautiful dress
playful puppies
a careless driver
a faithful dog
a harmless insect
a useful tool
m m ar H
a
elp
Gr
homeless people
careful
colorful
An adjective that ends in -less is the opposite of
the same adjective that ends in -ful
...
For example:
painful
hopeful
=
=
having a lot of pain
having a lot of hope
The -less ending means without
...
a dirty street
a noisy room
an oily pot
a sleepy passenger
a sunny day
a stormy sea
a muddy path
Some adjectives end in -ive
...
a caring nurse
an interesting book
loving parents
matching clothes
a smiling face
a cunning fox
dazzling sunshine
55
Some adjectives end in -ly
...
Here are some adjectives with the endings -able, -al,
-en, -ible, -ish and -ous
...
-y
-ful
-less
-al
1 peace
6 dirt
2 storm
7 music
3 mud
8 nation
4 forget
9 dust
5 spot
10 play
Exercise 2
Add the correct endings to turn these words
into adjectives
...
Some adjectives describe the qualities of nouns
...
They are called
adjectives of origin
...
Please get me some white paint
...
The sea is blue
...
I don’t like green apples
...
Flamingos are pink
...
Roses are red
...
a big hat
broad shoulders
a high mountain
a large ship
a long bridge
a low ceiling
a narrow path
small animals
tiny insects
a wide street
a huge balloon
a fat sumo wrestler
a thin boy
a short man
you kn
o
w
D
id
?
The word tall describes people and narrow,
upright objects
...
For example, you can say:
a high mountain
61
a high wall
Numbers are adjectives, too
...
Sometimes they are
called adjectives of quantity
...
some soldiers
a little ice cream
a little rice
not many people
too much salt
lots of insects
plenty of money
a lot of books
some food
Is there any milk?
a few cups
a few puppies
you kn
o
w
D
id
?
Adjectives that tell you about quantity are also
called quantifying determiners
...
Do you know what kinds of adjectives
they are?
In the blanks write C if the underlined words tell you
about color, S if they tell you about size, Ql if they tell
you about quality, O if they tell you about origin, or Qn if
they tell you about the number or quantity of things
...
___
2 One pair is brown and the other pair
is black
...
___
4 What color is the American flag?
___
5 A kind fairy appeared before Cinderella
...
___
7 There is some food left
...
___
9 Jack has ten marbles; Peter has twenty
...
___
12 There is a large crowd outside the temple
...
___
14 They are driving a small car
...
___
64
___
___
Comparison of Adjectives
When you compare two people or things, use the
comparative form of the adjective
...
faster
fast
smaller
small
bright
am
cheaper
clearer
louder
newer
older
richer
shorter
taller
slower
thicker
m ar H
elp
Gr
brighter
cheap
clear
loud
new
old
rich
short
tall
slow
thick
The word than is often used with comparative
adjectives
...
A sports car is faster than a motorbike
...
Lots of superlatives end in -est
...
For example, you say:
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the
world
...
66
Gr
m ar H
elp
am
4
With adjectives that end in -e, add -r to form
the comparative, and -st to form the superlative
...
With these adjectives, double the last letter
before adding –er to form the comparative, and -est to
form the superlative
...
With
these adjectives change the y to i
...
For example:
Comparative
Superlative
busy
dirty
happy
pretty
busier
dirtier
happier
prettier
67
busiest
dirtiest
happiest
prettiest
With some adjectives, you use more to make the
comparative form, and most to make the superlative
form
...
For example:
ac-tive
ex-pen-sive
beau-ti-ful
fa-mous
charm-ing
for-tu-nate
cheer-ful
in-tel-li-gent
com-fort-a-ble
pow-er-ful
de-li-cious
val-u-a-ble
68
The comparative and superlative forms of some
adjectives are completely different words
...
69
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and
superlative forms of the following adjectives
...
Comparative
foolish
harmful
poisonous
valuable
difficult
generous
Superlative
70
6
Determiners
Determiners are words such as this, those, my, their,
which
...
The Articles
The words a, an and the belong to this group of words
called determiners
...
You
can use them with singular nouns to talk about any
single person or thing
...
Rudy is reading a book
...
You will need an umbrella when you go out
...
The article an is usually used before words
beginning with vowels
...
71
The word the is called the definite article
...
The telephone is ringing
...
Tom has won the race
...
m ar H
elp
Gr
Granny is sitting in the garden
...
The sky is getting dark
...
For example:
the sun
the moon
the sky
the front door of my house
72
Demonstrative Determiners
The words this, that, these and those are determiners
...
These words are called demonstrative determiners, or
demonstrative adjectives
...
I am selling those books
...
How much is that racket?
What is that animal?
Bring me that ball
...
You use this and these to point to people or
things near you
...
You use this and that before singular nouns
...
Here’s a table to help you remember the rules:
Singular
this
that
Plural
these
those
73
Interrogative Determiners
Use the words what, which and whose before nouns
to ask about people or things
...
What size do you wear?
What kind of bird is that?
What time is it?
What color is her hair?
What kind of clothes do you like to wear?
Which school do you go to?
Which doll is your favorite?
Which road leads to the zoo?
Which runner is the winner?
Do you know which girl won the prize?
what
Whose footprints are these?
which
Whose baby is this?
whose
Whose dog was barking in the middle of the night?
74
Possessive Determiners
The words my, your, his, her, its, our, their are called
possessive determiners or posessive adjectives
...
I lent Margaret my guitar
...
Michael is showing his tortoise to his friends
...
My sister lost her way in the city
...
Here is a table to help you remember the
possessive determiners
...
1 __________ owl 7 __________ moon
2 __________ rocket 8 __________ Missouri River
3 _________ apron 9 __________ mango
_
4 _________ sun
_
10 __________ animal
5 __________ page
11 __________ eagle
6 _________ computer
_
12 __________ baby
Exercise 2
Write a, an or the in the blanks to complete the
sentences
...
2 Who is ________ man outside ______ gate?
3 ________ doctor gave Jane ________ injection
...
5 Mark is ________ only child in _______ family
...
8 Sue is writing ________ letter to her grandfather
...
10 We reached ________ top of ______ hill in two hours
...
1 Come and look at ________ insects
...
I am in sixth grade
________ year
...
5 ________ ice cream is delicious
...
1 This house has five bedrooms
...
_______
4 These are wild animals
...
_______
6 What’s that noise?
_______
7 These books are Jane’s
...
_______
9 These are donkeys
...
_______
77
Exercise 5
Choose the correct possessive adjectives from the
box to fill in the blanks
...
2 The dog is chasing ________ own tail
...
5 I am going to ________ aunt’s house this evening
...
7 Children, have you all finished ________ homework?
8 The children are proud of ________ school
...
what
which
whose
1 ________ kind of animal is that?
2 ________ runner is the winner?
3 ________ is the matter?
4 ________ desk is this?
5 ________ handphone is ringing?
6 ________ is your name?
7 ________ twin is taller?
8 ________ hand is holding the pebble?
78
7
Verbs and Tenses
Most verbs are action words
...
knock
burst
climb
dig
read
Word File
act
bake
bend
buy
close
cook
cross
fall
fly
go
grow
hop
drop
79
jump
move
pull
run
shout
sing
sit
slide
stand
start
swim
walk
The Simple Present Tense
The simple present tense expresses a general truth or
a customary action
...
Uncle Joe wears glasses
...
The children go to school by bus
...
Peter sometimes lends me his bike
...
Monkeys like bananas
...
The earth goes around the sun
...
We always wash our hands before meals
...
Father takes the dog for a walk every morning
...
Melanie starts
school tomorrow
...
The train departs
in five minutes
...
My big brother leaves school at 4 o’clock
...
The new grammar book comes out in September
...
We fly to London next Thursday
...
M
...
My big sister begins her summer job next week
...
1 The children go to school by bus
...
3 These toys belong to Kathy
...
5 Polar bears live at the North Pole
...
7 Mr
...
8 The earth goes around the sun
...
10 Many stores close on Sunday
...
1 Winter ________ after autumn
...
(bark)
3 You ________ tired
...
(make)
5 Ali ________ in a department store
...
(speak)
7 Tim’s knee ________
...
(like)
9 Kate always ________ sandwiches for lunch
...
(type)
82
Am, Is and Are
The words am, is, are are also verbs, but they are not
action words
...
Use am with the pronoun I, and is with the pronouns he,
she and it
...
It is a donkey
...
It is very hot today
...
the verb ‘be’
am
I am Peter
...
is
are
She is Miss Lee
...
He is my father
...
He is not a lawyer
...
You are not my friend
...
They are good friends
...
83
Gr
m ar H
elp
am
Here’s a table to help you remember how to
use am, is and are:
Singular
Plural
First person
Second person
Third person
I am
you are
he is
she is
it is
we are
you are
they are
they are
they are
Learn these short forms called contractions:
I am
you are
he is
she is
it is
am not
is not
are not
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
I’m
they are = they’re
you’re
we are = we’re
he’s
she’s
it’s
aren’t (only in questions)
isn’t
aren’t
In questions, use aren’t as a contraction of am not
...
84
Use the verb is with singular nouns and are with plural
nouns
...
Lambs are baby sheep
...
Singular
nouns
Kenneth is a lawyer
...
A duck is a kind of bird
...
My house is near the school
...
The balloons are very colorful
...
Dad and Mom are in the kitchen
...
There is a castle on the hill
...
There is a wasps’ nest
in the tree
...
There are a lot of books in the library
...
Is there any food in the fridge?
Are there any apples left on the tree?
How much rice is there?
There are a few sharks in the bay
...
Learn this contraction:
there is
=
there’s
86
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with am, is or are
...
2 He ________ a soldier
...
4 She ________ ill
...
6 It ________ a sunny day
...
8 You ________ all welcome to my house
...
1 John’s dog ________ very friendly
...
3 These flowers ________ very pretty
...
5 Math ________ not a very difficult subject
...
8 All the windows ________ open
...
10 His hair ________ curly
...
1 ______________ a fence around the barn
...
3 ______________ a rainbow in the sky
...
5 ______________ nothing in the cupboard
...
7 ______________ lots of mistakes on your test paper
...
9 ______________ ants in the cookies
...
11 ______________ plenty of food on the table
...
13 ______________ no more water in the pool
...
15 ______________ only a few customers in the shop
...
I am writing
a letter
...
The phone is ringing
...
She’s riding a horse
...
The man’s counting the money
...
We’re rushing to the airport to meet Mr
...
They are still sleeping
...
What are they doing?
What’s happening?
Why aren’t you doing your homework?
Aren’t I sitting up straight?
89
am
is
are
elp
Gr
m ar H
am
+
verb ing
4 Form the present progressive tense like this:
am + present participle
is + present participle
are + present participle
4 The present participle is the form of a verb ending with
-ing
...
For example:
get + ing = getting rob + ing = robbing
nod + ing = nodding stop + ing = stopping
jog + ing = jogging swim + ng = swimming
i
4 Notice that the verbs above are all short verbs of just
one syllable
...
4 If a verb ends in e, you usually have to drop the e
before you add -ing
...
To form the present progressive tense, use am,
is and are as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs
...
We are going camping tomorrow
...
Jim’s parents are taking him to Texas next week
...
All our friends are coming
...
I am visiting Joe next week
...
1 come ____________ 7 go
____________
2 run
____________
____________ 8 ask
3 sleep ____________ 9 catch ____________
4 fall
____________
10 write
____________
5 jump ____________
11 drop
____________
6 climb ____________
12 bring ____________
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the present progressive tense of the
verbs in parentheses
...
(enjoy)
2 Jill ________________ her hair
...
(get)
4 The dentist ________________ Sue’s teeth
...
(pass)
6 The men _______________ very hard in the sun
...
(make)
9 The plane ________________ above the clouds
...
(have)
92
Have and Has
The verbs have and has are used to say what people own
or possess
...
These words are the
simple present tense of the verb have
...
We have breakfast at 7:00 A
...
He has a lot of stamps
...
Our house has large windows
...
We have art lessons on Mondays
...
Dad has a cold
...
93
Monkeys have
long tails
...
Use
have with I, you, we, they, and with plural nouns
...
1 We ________ a new science teacher
...
3 I often ________ fruit for dessert
...
5 She always ________ oatmeal for breakfast
...
7 They never ________ any problem with tests
...
1 The girls ________ golden hair
...
3 Dad ________ his cell phone with him
...
5 Many poor people ________ nothing to eat
...
7 A triangle ________ three sides
...
9 James ________ a toothache
...
95
The Present Perfect Tense
Use the present perfect tense to talk about happenings
in the past that explain or affect the present
...
Sam has scored two goals
...
It’s been very wet today
...
John has gone out
...
Kim’s cut
her finger
...
Have you found your keys yet?
Tim has made two spelling mistakes
...
To form the present perfect tense join have or
has to the past participle of the verb:
have
has
+ past participle
+ past participle
The past participle of a regular verb usually ends in -ed,
just like the simple past tense
...
96
Exercise 1
Write the past participle of these verbs on the
blanks
...
1 Dad ______________ his car key
...
(arrive)
3 Tony ______________ a goal
...
(sleep)
5 It ____________ not ____________ for two months
...
(escape)
7 The plane ______________ at the airport
...
(make)
9 Dad and I ______________ a big fish
...
(see)
97
The Simple Past Tense
Use the simple past tense to talk about things that
happened in the past
...
The wicked Queen gave
Snow White a poisoned apple
...
Dinosaurs lived
millions of years ago
...
Joe learned to play the guitar very quickly
...
The giant panda gave birth to a cub last night
...
The plane landed a few minutes ago
...
Who invented the computer?
Jack and Jill went up the hill
...
The Three Bears found Goldilocks asleep in their house
...
These
verbs are called regular verbs
...
Mom opened the door for us
...
That event happened long ago
...
They walked to school together yesterday
...
Dad tried to fix the light
...
99
Gr
m ar H
elp
am
4 The simple past tense is usually formed by adding -ed
to the verb
...
For example:
agree + d = agreed
die
+ d = died
hate + d = hated
live + d = lived
4 Remember these spelling rules:
You must double the last letter of some verbs before
adding -ed
...
They all end with a consonant such
as b, d, m, n, p, t, and have only a single vowel
before the consonant
...
For example:
bury + ed = buried
carry + ed = carried
cry + ed = cried
100
fry + ed = fried
hurry + ed = hurried
try + ed = tried
The simple past form of some verbs does not end in -ed
...
The simple past tense of some irregular verbs does not
change at all
...
The worker cut down the
tree this morning
...
He hit the ball over the net
...
He shut the door
...
101
Simple Past
beat
burst
cost
cut
hit
hurt
put
read
split
shut
Most irregular verbs, however, take a different form in
the simple past tense
...
Simple Past
bent
broke
brought
bought
fell
flew
got
heard
kept
lost
sold
shot
slept
Tom shot and scored a goal
...
We sold our car last week
...
Peter got a watch for his birthday
...
He brought his pet mouse to school
...
102
A bird flew into
the classroom
...
1 take
____________ 7 tell
____________
2 walk ____________ 8 write
____________
3 rain
____________ 9 sit
____________
4 shut
____________
____________
10 read
5 open ____________
11 close ____________
6 cry
12 cook
____________
____________
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct simple past tense of the
verbs in parentheses
...
(go)
2 The wind ___________ throughout the night
...
(drop)
4 The Princess’s ball ___________ into the well
...
(jump/bring)
6 Jack ___________ the highest grade in his English
class
...
M
...
(sell/buy)
9 Jack ___________ up the ladder carefully
...
Was is the simple past tense of am and is
...
Edison was a
famous inventor
...
Sue was at the library this morning
...
Ten years ago she was only a baby
...
Last year she wasn’t tall enough to reach
the high shelf
...
Use were with the
pronouns you, we and they, and with plural nouns
...
The Romans were brave soldiers
...
There weren’t any clouds in the sky
...
Those were my best jeans
...
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
Mary was waiting for the
bus when Peter passed by
...
Sally was packing her books into
her schoolbag
...
The twins were fighting in the
corner
...
Mom was cooking our supper
when I came home
...
They help to form the past
progressive tense when you join them to the present
participle (the form of verbs ending in -ing)
...
Peter was making a model of a bridge
...
1 We ________ the champions last year
...
3 Mom and Dad ________ on vacation last week
...
5 There ________ a lot of people at our party yesterday
...
7 He ________ sick yesterday
...
It ________ my mistake
...
1 James ______________ to Peter
...
(read)
3 Rudy ______________ the chalkboard
...
(do)
5 Peter ______________ Joe his new watch
...
(draw)
7 Ahmad ______________ for his pencil
...
(make)
107
The Future Tense
Use the future tense for things that have not happened
yet, but are going to happen
...
I shall be eight years old
next year
...
They will finish the job
next week
...
You will be sick if you eat too much
...
Sharon is ill
...
You will enjoy visiting New Zealand
...
He will make lots of friends at his new school
...
Use will with you, he, she, it and they
...
You can use going to
...
I’m sure Mom and Dad are going to
be proud of me
...
They are going to wash the car for
Dad
...
You can also use the simple present tense to talk about
things that have been arranged for the future
...
The bus leaves in
ten minutes
...
The new school year starts on
Monday
...
We have a history test next week
...
1 You __________ fat if you eat too many desserts
...
(be)
3 We ___________ to the zoo after breakfast
...
(take)
5 Peter ___________ lots to do on his grandmother’s
farm
...
(teach)
7 If he works hard, he ___________ his exams
...
e
...
1 They will be busy tomorrow
...
2 I hope I will be ready on time
...
3 We shall visit James this evening
...
4 It will rain soon
...
5 Dad will take us to the movies tomorrow
...
111
Can and Could
The verbs can and could are both helping or auxiliary
verbs
...
Can and could are used with the pronouns I, you, he,
she, it, we and they, and with singular or plural nouns
...
He can run faster than Arthur
...
I’m full
...
Jack ran as far
as he could
...
She could not come because she was ill
...
All the King’s men could not put Humpty
Some birds cannot fly
...
you kn
o
w
D
id
?
People often use can when they are asking for
permission to do something
...
When you put not after can, you write it as one word: cannot
Learn these contractions: cannot = can’t
could not = couldn’t
112
May and Might
May and might are helping or auxiliary verbs, too
...
May I watch
television now?
Yes, you may
...
You may go now
...
If it continues to rain, there
may be a flood
...
You may fall down if you aren’t
careful
...
It may rain
...
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
He realized he might catch the earlier train if he hurried
...
You can also use might to talk about things that
are possible
...
You might slip, so hold on to the railing
...
1
________ you jump over the hurdle?
2 We ran as fast as we ________
...
4 Jean ________ dance quite well
...
He ________ need help
...
7 Dave doesn’t look well
...
8 The baby is crying
...
9 ________ I borrow your bike?
1
0 I don’t know where Jane is
...
1 ________ you drive?
1
12 Who ________ answer the question?
13 ________ you show me the way to the zoo?
14 He ________ play the piano
...
Use do with the pronouns I, you, we and they, and with
plural nouns
...
Did is the simple past tense of do and does
...
Mom does
the cooking
...
He does such interesting work
...
Sally did her hair in front
of the mirror
...
Jane did all the laundry
by herself
...
115
You did well in the test
...
I
you
we
they
elp
Gr
m m ar H
a
4 Here’s a table to remind you about the use of
do and does:
Singular
Plural
First person
Second person
Third person
I do
you do
he does
she does
it does
we do
you do
they do
they do
they do
4 Here’s a table to remind you about the use of
the verb did:
Singular
Plural
First person
Second person
Third person
I did
you did
he did
she did
it did
we did
you did
they did
they did
they did
4 Learn these contractions:
do not
does not
did not
=
=
=
don’t
doesn’t
didn’t
116
he
she
it
does
do
You can also use do, does and did as helping verbs to
ask and answer questions
...
Where did you find
the wallet?
Do you like ice cream? Yes, I do
...
Does he enjoy music? Yes, he does
...
Who wants to come with me to the zoo? We all do!
What do you want for lunch?
Who broke this vase? Peter did!
Does Ken often come home late? Yes, he does
...
The baby does not look
very happy
...
The garden looks lovely,
doesn’t it? Yes, it does
...
I don’t enjoy difficult math tests
...
He didn’t get to the station in time
...
Don’t they go to the gym on Mondays? Yes, they do
...
You didn’t draw that picture yourself, did you?
Did you see the rainbow? No, I didn’t
...
Don’t tell lies!
118
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with do, does or did
...
They ________ not fit me
...
3 Where ________ eggs come from?
4 The vase is broken
...
15 ________ cats like to eat fish?
119
Would and Should
The verb would is another helping or auxiliary verb
...
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
We started running so we
would get there in time
...
I knew you would enjoy Disneyland
...
John and Sue said they
would meet me at the airport
...
It is polite to use would like when you are
offering people things, or asking for something
yourself
...
I’d like a rest
...
For example:
Would you like a chocolate?
Yes, please, I would love one
...
Use should to
talk about necessary actions or things that people
ought to do
...
You should always look
before crossing the street
...
You should know how to spell your own name
...
You should do more exercise
...
1 Every student ________ have a good dictionary
...
4 We ________ all learn good table manners
...
6 John said he ________ help me with science
...
9 You ________ not play with fire
...
11 We ________ not waste water
...
13 What ________ we do now?
14 ________ you help if I asked?
15 Of course, I ________ help you!
122
8
Subject-Verb Agreement
When you write a sentence you must make sure that the
subject and the verb agree
...
She enjoys music
...
The zookeeper is feeding
the animals
...
The earth moves round the sun
...
The clerk is wrapping a package
...
123
It is snowing
...
All birds lay eggs
...
The children are
playing on the swing
...
Mom and Dad love us a lot
...
They have both worked very hard
...
If the group members are all acting together
as one, use a singular verb
...
The audience are laughing
...
Singular
That family has moved to Texas
...
Clark
...
The team are sharing new ideas
...
Some plural nouns, such as people, cattle,
police, don’t end with -s
...
For example:
People like to be praised
...
The police have caught the thief
...
Use the correct form of the simple
present tense of the verbs in parentheses
...
(go)
2 Mark always ________ to school with his brother
...
(know)
4 Luis ________ the answer, too
...
(have)
6 These books ________ lots of beautiful drawings
...
(be)
8 Pat and Alice ________ good at English
...
Use
the correct form of the simple present tense of the verbs in
parentheses
...
(roar)
2 All birds ________ eggs
...
(like)
4 Uncle Bob ________ his car every day
...
(know)
6 There ________ twelve months in a year
...
(fight)
8 Our parents ________ us
...
It tells you
about an action, or the way something is done
...
The baby is
sleeping soundly
...
The dog is barking fiercely
...
Adjective
beautiful
brave
bright
fierce
happy
heavy
loud
peaceful
slow
sound
sweet
The Prince and the Princess
lived happily ever after
...
It is raining heavily
...
The soldiers fought bravely
...
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
The old man walked slowly
...
127
Some adverbs describe the way something is done
...
The driver braked
suddenly
...
The dog jumped up
playfully
...
Spelling File
Please speak clearly
...
You have all answered correctly
...
Jamal dressed smartly for the party
...
The man drove carelessly
...
She played skillfully
...
They are called adverbs of time
...
Paul has just arrived
...
Lisa is always cheerful
...
Everyone arrived early
...
It’s snowing again
...
She is continuing to build it today
...
John’s shoes were too big for him last year
...
They will be too small for him next year
...
The weather is fine this morning
...
They
are called adverbs of place
...
The children are
playing downstairs
...
Let’s
go inside
...
Come here!
Please put the books there
...
The miners are working underground
...
There are trees everywhere
...
Where’s Shamika?
130
Exercise 1
Rewrite the following adjectives as adverbs
...
1 The man shouted loudly
...
3 The train has already left
...
5 The students talked noisily
...
7 Let’s go now
...
9 Have you seen Anne’s cat anywhere?
10 Come here!
131
10
Prepositions
A preposition is a word that connects one thing with
another, showing how they are related
...
There’s a big balloon
in the sky
...
The books fell
off the shelf
...
There is a long mirror on the wall
...
There is an old castle on the hill
...
A preposition is usually followed by
a noun or pronoun
...
Many shops close on Sundays
...
We watched the World Cup
game until 2:00 A
...
We always wash our
hands before meals
...
We go to bed at night
...
The movie starts at two in the afternoon
...
They were married in 1990
...
Dad gets home about
six in the evening
...
Breakfast is served at seven o’clock
...
133
Exercise 1
Underline the prepositions in the following
sentences
...
2 We have dinner at 7:30 P
...
3 Tom was born on a Friday
...
5 Sue is running after her dog
...
7 I received a letter from Sara yesterday
...
near
in
by
around
on
into
at
up
between
behind
1 The bus arrived ________ 8:30 A
...
2 The children are swimming ________ the pool
...
4 There is a fence ________ the house
...
6 Harold is hiding ________ the chair
...
8 We divided the candy ________ us
...
10 Don’t go too ________ the edge
...
Conjunctions are used to connect words or sentences
...
am
It’s cold, wet and
windy today
...
Is this a
sheep or a goat?
A conjunction may link two or more than two
words or sentences
...
They tell when something
happens, so they are called conjunctions of time
...
I always brush my teeth
after I’ve had my breakfast
...
You have grown taller
since I saw you last
...
Joe listened to music while he was doing his homework
...
Wait here until I come back
...
Tran saw an accident while he was walking home
...
Joe first met his wife when he was studying in London
...
136
Exercise 1
Complete these sentences with and, but or or
...
Mr
...
Chen have three children
...
We wish you a Merry Christmas ________ a Happy
New Year
...
Sue is taller than Nat ________ shorter than Mike
...
when
after
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
while
since
as
until
before
Jack always brushes his teeth ________ he has eaten
a meal
...
Let’s go home ________ it gets dark
...
She has known Jack ________ he was a child
...
M
...
Alice looked unhappy ________ she walked in
...
Oh dear!
Cheers!
Ssh!
Ouch!
Look out!
you kn
o
w
D
id
Happy
Birthday!
Wow!
Goodness!
Oh!
Good!
Oh no!
Hooray!
Thanks!
Help!
Good luck!
Well done!
Gosh!
Hey!
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year!
?
Notice that an exclamation point (!) is often
used after interjections
...
A sentence must have a subject
and a verb, but it may or may not have an object
...
curled up
...
cooked
am flying
are eating
are washing
is examining
have
screamed
...
id
a book
...
a kite
...
the dishes
...
no children
...
139
capital
letter
Sentence
subject verb
period
Kinds of Sentences
There are four kinds of sentences
...
The children are swimming
...
Richard is feeding
the hens
...
4 An interrogative sentence asks a question
...
What lovely weather!
The silly girl!
How stupid I am!
4 An imperative sentence gives an order
...
Tell me the truth
...
This use of the verb is called the
imperative
...
Stand, everyone!
Tidy your bedroom immediately!
Choose a partner!
Eat plenty of vegetables
...
Come back soon!
Take a sandwich
...
Using do or please before an imperative is
more polite
...
Do check these figures again
...
m m ar H
elp
Gr
Please help yourselves to some food
...
You can also use the helping verb would to
sound polite
...
Do you know
which are sentences and which are not?
Put a checkmark in the space next to sentences, and
an X next to other word groups
...
Chen is a good teacher
...
4 How are you?
5 basic rules of grammar
6 bread and butter
7 Welcome to the National Zoo
...
14 Mark is sleeping
...
142
The Subject and the Object
The subject of a sentence sometimes does something
to someone or something else
...
Dad is cooking supper
...
Subject
Verb
Object
Susan
has bought
a painting
...
The twins
climbed
the hill
...
Mom
is holding
the baby
...
They
were playing
football
...
Emma
crossed
the street
...
143
Direct and Indirect Objects
Some verbs have two objects
...
The indirect object tells to whom
or for whom the action is done
...
Subject
Verb
Indirect Object
Direct Object
T
he bank
lends
people
money
...
am writing
Grandma
a letter
...
gave
his dog
a bone
...
Joshua
is showing
us
his stamps
...
I
G
randma
ndrew
A
am
m ar H
elp
Gr
We
The indirect object usually comes before the
direct object
...
Then draw a line
under the subjects and a circle around the objects
...
2 They are playing table tennis
...
4 Dad bought a computer
...
6 Birds have feathers
...
8 Samantha has a pretty doll
...
10 Do you know the answer?
Exercise 2
There are two objects in each sentence
...
1 Dad gave Dave a present
...
3 Mr
...
4 I sent Anne a birthday card
...
6 The waiter brought the guests their drinks
...
145
Positive and Negative Sentences
A positive sentence tells you that something is so
...
It contains a negative word like
not, never, no, no one, nobody, none, or a negative
verb like isn’t or can’t or won’t
...
He is not walking
...
We should never tell lies
...
There is no one in the house
...
There is nothing in it
...
It isn’t sunny
...
I have no newspapers left
...
There are none in the bag
...
4 You ask a yes or no question to get yes or no as the
answer
...
Can you swim? Yes
...
Are they coming? No
...
4 In questions, the helping or auxiliary verbs come before
the subject of the sentence
...
m m ar H
a
Question
Is Jim ill today?
Has she an older brother?
Do the cats want to be fed?
Should we go now?
Will it rain tomorrow?
May I use your computer?
Can Kate ride a bike?
Jim is ill today
...
We should go now
...
You may use my computer
...
elp
Gr
Statement
Here are some different ways of asking the
same question:
Has he a sister called Jane?
Does he have a sister called Jane?
Has he got a sister called Jane?
147
Wh- questions usually include the verbs be, have,
do, or any of the helping verbs
...
The helping verbs
in wh- questions usually come before the subject
...
Where are you?
What is David saying?
How did you get up here?
Why was the girl crying?
Which color do you prefer?
Who is she going to invite to her party?
Whom is she going to invite to her party?
What is your problem?
When do the stores open in the morning?
Where shall I put this box?
What have you done to my computer?
Whose dictionary
is this?
How am I going to finish all this work?
What would you like for dinner?
4 the wh- question word is the subject of the question,
If
it comes before the verb
...
Example: Is he tall? Yes, he is
...
2 Is Sara at home?
No, ___________
...
4 Are all of you coming to my house this evening?
Yes, ___________
...
Chen your English teacher?
No, __________
...
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct question words from
the box
...
You use them in sentences to make
the meaning clear
...
He drew a horse
Albert is my good friend
...
The bird is sitting on a branch
...
There’s a rainbow in the sky
...
I can swim
...
They all enjoyed playing baseball
...
I bought two apples, three oranges and some grapes
...
At school we study English, math, science, history and
geography
...
A giraffe is a tall, long-necked, long-legged animal
...
Use a comma after yes and no, and before please in
sentences
...
Goodbye
George!
No, it has stopped
...
Commas are used to show where there is a brief pause
...
She was in the bedroom, listening to music on the radio
...
Sit down!
Oh dear!
What a surprise!
You are fired!
I told you not to do that!
Quiet!
Put the knife down!
Help! Help!
Eeek! A ghost!
Stop him!
Question Mark
Use a question mark after a question
...
The ’s is added after singular nouns or names
...
A squirrel’s tail is big
and bushy
...
Amanda clears everybody’s plates after dinner
...
All the pupils have a month’s vacation in June
...
I took a ride in Tom’s car
...
Jane is wearing her mother’s shoes
...
There is a bird’s nest in that tree
...
Is this Portland’s tallest building?
153
4 Follow the same rule when a name or a singular noun
ends in -s
...
The princess’s golden ball fell into a well
...
Dad is at his boss’s party
...
Birds’ beaks are all different shapes and sizes
...
This is my parents’ wedding photo
...
Henry goes to a boys’ school
...
Kim parked his car in the doctors’ parking lot
...
The girls’ bedrooms are usually tidy
...
4 Some plural nouns do not end in -s
...
There are slides and swings and seesaws in the children’s
playground
...
The bookstore sells newspapers, comics and women’s
magazines
...
154
Gr
m ar H
elp
am
4 You can also refer to a person’s office or shop by
using a possessive form with an apostrophe
...
I was reading a book at the dentist’s
...
4 You can also refer to your friends’ homes
in the same way:
I’m going next door to Peter’s
...
4 How do you make a possessive form of two people
joined by and, such as Peter and John, or Mary and
Anne? Put ’s only after the second name
...
For example:
Which desk is Susan’s?
George’s is in the back row
...
155
The apostrophe can also be used to show that one or
more letters in a contraction have been left out
...
We’ll come to your party, but Sue won’t be able to come
...
Dad wasn’t at home and the children weren’t at home either
...
I didn’t watch which way I was going and I can’t find my way
home
...
Mom’s finished her shopping but she hasn’t gone through the
checkout line yet
...
m m ar H
a
You are taller than Peter, but
you aren’t as tall as I am
...
For example:
The mail has arrived
...
Sally is here
...
156
Exercise 1
Write the punctuation marks from the box to
complete the following sentences:
,
...
Paul cant find his shoes
...
They are all on the childrens playground
...
Theyre having a game of tennis
...
157
Book
BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
1
Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will
greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English
grammar basics
...
Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe
instant reinforcement or intervention
Title: Basic English Grammar
Description: The term "grammar" can also be used to describe the rules that govern the linguistic behaviour of a group of speakers.
Description: The term "grammar" can also be used to describe the rules that govern the linguistic behaviour of a group of speakers.