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Circulation and Gas Exchange
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Animals need to perform gas, nutrient, and waste exchange for our cells to survive
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Not all cells in multicellular organisms interface directly with the external environment
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Need to create a specialized exchange surface and link it with the cells of the body
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& Circ
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We mammals are bigger and need more O2
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We are also endoderm’s, warm blooded, we burn more caLs which need more O2

SIMPLE DIFFUSION OF LUNGS
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Goes down a pipe called the larynx
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Branches to the bronchus (you have 2) -> which goes into each lungs
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Within the bronchioles there are alveoli’s where you will find the capillaries
 O2 is absorbed thru the blood in the capi’s
 Then get shot into the circulatory system to make cells oxygenated
 Alveoli’s hands over the O2 -> Capi’s turns it into CO2 that the circ
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system but circulates blood not air
 Moves oxygenated blood out of lungs to places in the body that need it
 Brings deoxygenated blood back to the lungs

ALL THE HEART DOES IS POWERS THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
**it’s kind of all about the lungs
 Heart pumps to help move blood around the body & helps move it back to the lungs to give
blood more O2 & get rid of CO2
 Oxygenated blood is pumped from heart to the rest of the body
 Makes its way back to the heart & is pumped in a shorter circuit to the lungs to pick up more O2
& let go of CO2 -> then back to the heart to redo the same cycle all over again
**circulatory system of mammals makes a figure 8

Red Blood Cells (RBC)
*lungs are the home base for the RBC
 Our heart has 4 chambers = the left ventricle always has the highest pressure; it’s the biggest
ventricle & muscly
*Left ventricle has to be high in pressure for the oxygenated blood to move out of there
 From the left ventricle the blood moves from the aorta to the arteries & blood vessels that carry
the oxygenated blood away from the heart
Arteries: muscular & thick walled to maintain high pressure to help blood travel along

STEPS OF HOW BLOOD FLOWS THRU OUR BODY THRU CIRC
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system)
 Now blood in back in the heart but needs oxygen
 Flows into the right ventricle
 Now into the pulmonary artery (flowing away from the heart going to the lung)

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After it goes to alveoli and gets O2
Flows to the pulmonary vein (flowing to the heart)
Now it reaches the heart again w/ oxygen this time
Now flows to the left atrium
Now to the left ventricle ~ which then the whole body circuit repeats

COLDBLOODED ANIMALS ~ ECTODERMS
Slower metabolisms unlike us mammals
Don’t need as much O2 like us

Chordates
Fish have 2 chambers w/ 1 ventricle & 1 atrium in heart
 Blood gets oxygenated as it gets thru the gills
 Carries oxygen thru the body to the heart which is moved thru the gills again
FISH GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEM
Most oxygenated blood comes to contact w/the most oxygenated water
Least oxygenated blood comes to contact w/the least oxygenated water
Countercurrent Exchange
DIFF
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o Hemolymph then works its way to the posterior of the insect
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*plasma is basically the same thing as interstitial fluid except it contains plasma proteins
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Blood flow in the veins
o Veins must find another way to return blood to the heart
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Gas exchange
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Animals need to acquire oxygen and release carbon dioxide
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Trachea system of invertebrates
 Distinct respiratory system separate from the circulatory system
Other organisms link their circulatory system with gas exchange
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 Blood and water flow in opposite direction in what is considered a countercurrent flow
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o If you have a sealed container of gas, and expand that container, the pressure
decreases
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 Tidal Volume: The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single normal breath
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 Vital Capacity: The maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation
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This causes mixing of new and old air and therefore suboptimal gradients for gas exchange
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 Site of gas exchange occurs in tiny channels referred to as the parabronchi (not dead ends as
with alveoli)
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Essay Questions

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Like with Cnidarias
their Epidermal is in perfect contact w/ the water outside of their environment where every cell
in the body is close enough to the outside environment for gases to diffuse in and out
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Cnidaria’s epidermal layer is in direct contact w/ the water around them which
means that their insides gets direct access of that water in their environment
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Explain how hemolymph circulates through the insect in the open circulatory system
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What role does the lymph system play with regards to fluids in the capillary bed?

Lymph is clear fluid that comes from blood plasma and is separated when exiting blood vessels
at the capillary beds
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Lymph system is used for filtration before sending things back to the circulatory system
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Using your understanding of water potential, explain how fluid leaves and then re-enters the
capillaries in the capillary bed
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plasma which performs gas exchange and delivers all other nutrients / hormones -> bathes the
cells inside
Blood Plasma flows thru the body cells performing gas exchange
Solute Concentration INcreases = Solute Potential DEcreases
Blood flows to the venule end w/ high solute concentration
Pressure has decreased flowing to the venule end

HSC + LSP occurs from the remaining proteins in the blood

Low pressure potential causes interstitial fluid to flow back in capis at venule ends of the capi
beds
Lymph system picks up all of the lymph fluid that did not make it back into the blood vessels
Filtration / Drainage occurs in the vascular system @ the base of the neck

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8
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This is the
reason why coma patients get massaged in order to prevent complications and death
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Blood and water exhibit countercurrent flow in the gills
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Concurrent flow only is able to exchange one
fluid at a time
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Why is the trachea system of insects more efficient than ours? That being said, why wouldn’t
their trachea system work in us?

Insects give O2 to all of their cells in the body thru passive diffusion thru a series of tube cells

they have on the sides & across their entire body
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Insects also they take air in its gaseous form
and deliver that the way it is straight to cells
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Insects are able to have this trachea tube system because they have
an exoskeleton, we don’t
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11
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Where for
example 1) if you increase the volume of gas you’re going to decrease the volume of pressure &
2) if you decrease the volume of gas you’re going to increase the volume of pressure
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EXH: When the diaphragm contracts then the lungs also contracts decreasing the volume and
increasing pressure which is the cause of air being exhaled
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Why is the avian respiratory system so much better than ours? Explain by describing features
and air flow
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SYSTEM
INH: Air goes into the Post Air Sac

EXH: Breath out then the air goes into the lungs

NEXT INH: Breathe again then it goes into the Anterior Air Sacs

NEXT EXH: Air goes out from the anterior air sacs to the outside
~every time they EXH or INH they get fresh air thru their lungs



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