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Title: Motivation Theory's
Description: Definition of Motivation Sources of Motivation Different Motivation Theorists -Frederick Taylor - Principles of Scientific Management -Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs - Douglas McGregor - Theory of X & Y - Frederick Herzberg - Motivation Factors
Description: Definition of Motivation Sources of Motivation Different Motivation Theorists -Frederick Taylor - Principles of Scientific Management -Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs - Douglas McGregor - Theory of X & Y - Frederick Herzberg - Motivation Factors
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Motivation
● Refers to the desire, effort & passion to achieve something
...
● For management, it involves getting someone to do something you want
...
■ Activities are undertaken because the person finds them to be challenging,
stimulating and satisfying
...
■ Tangible rewards: salary, bonus, prize
■ Intangible rewards: recognition, praise
■ Can also come from threats & punishment
Motivation Theorists
● Frederick Taylor
○ His
principles of scientific management
assumed that employees are primarily
motivated by money
...
○ Believed that productivity could be increased by setting output targets related to
pay and created differentiated piecework (higher output = higher pay)
...
● Abraham Maslow
○ Focused on the emotional & mental needs of workers and argued that these needs
must be met in order to motivate employees
○ Created the “hierarchy of needs”
○ Workers need to be satisfied with all the lower levels
before they can progress to higher level needs
○ Physiological Needs
■ Refers to the needs that must be met in order for people to survive
...
■ Includes health, employment, stability
■ Job security, sick pay, maternity leave & retirement income help
employees fulfill this need
Love & Belonging (Social) Needs
■ Refers to the need to be accepted as part of a group or family
■ Can be satisfied by communications, social gatherings, etc
...
■ Promotions, awards, job titles or democratic management could help
employees fulfill this need
SelfActualization Needs
■ Highest on the Chain
■ Refers to forces that drive a person to become the best they can be
...
○ Believes that management style is directly influenced by the beliefs managers
have about their workers’ attitudes
○ Theory X
■ Workers are motivated by money
■ Workers are lazy and dislike work
■ Workers are selfish, ignore the needs of organizations, avoid responsibility
and lack ambition
■ Only way to get people to work is using strict control
○ Theory Y
■ Workers have many different needs which motivate them
■ Workers can enjoy work
■ If motivated, workers can organize themselves and take responsibility
■ Management should create a situation where workers can show creativity
and apply their job knowledge
● Frederick Herzberg
○ Describes the causes of satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workplace
...
○ Ignored the role of teamwork as a motivating factor
● Financial Motivation
○ Ways that businesses can motivate workers by using some form of monetary
reward
● Wages (time rates)
○ Workers are paid for the amount of time they spend at work (hourly)
○ Often used for service employees, people working in groups, or those performing
a difficult task that shouldn’t be rushed
○ Straightforward method, but may encourage poor productivity
● Wages (piece rates)
○ Workers are paid for the amount of work they complete (paid by results)
○ Employees have no base pay to rely on
● Salary
○ Workers are paid a fixed amount on a monthly or yearly basis
○ Difficult to distinguish the effort or output of different workers
○ Little incentive to work harder
● Commission
● Profitrelated pay
○ Workers are paid more as firm’s profits increase (profit sharing)
○ Strengthens loyalty & teamwork but individual efforts are not recognized
○ Share of profit may be too small to motivate employees
● Performancerelated pay
○ Worker’s annual salary is linked to his/her performance on the job
○ Business wants focus on individual employee & ties pay increases to a measure of
business performance (examples: performance or loyalty bonuses)
○ Creates a fairer environment with incentives for workers to work harder, but
doesn’t promote teamwork and may cause stress if goals are unrealistic
● Share Ownership Scheme
○ Workers are given opportunity to purchase shares in the business
○ Employees will have a more direct interest in the performance of the company,
although majority of employees typically do not qualify to buy significant
amounts in these programs
● Fringe Benefits/Perks
○ Workers are given additional benefits on top of wage/salary, such as free meals,
company car or contributions to retirement fund
○ Encourages loyalty by making employees feel valued, but large cost may be
involved
● NonFinancial Motivation
○ Ways that businesses can motivate workers by using some form of reward other
than money
● Job enlargement
○ Increasing the number of tasks an employee performs within the same
responsibility level
○ Adds interest by reducing monotony
● Job rotation
○ Periodically changing the tasks an employee performs (at the same level of
complexity)
○ Provides variety & avoids overspecialization
● Job enrichment
○ Gives employees greater responsibility by “vertically” extending their role in the
business
○ Workers may be more committed or have sense of achievement because of greater
opportunities
● Job empowerment
○ Gives employees greater responsibility by “vertically” extending their role in the
business
○ Workers may be more committed or have sense of achievement because of greater
opportunities
● Teamwork
○ Gives employees opportunities to work with others
○ Pooled talents increase productivity
○ Workers can specialize
○ Can solve more difficult problems
○ Shares responsibility
○ Creates ideas through brainstorming
○ Allows for flexible working
Theorist
Theory
Main Finding
F
...
Taylor
Scientific
Management
Pay, above all, is the main source of motivation
A
...
Herzberg
Two Factor
Theory
Hygiene factors(which don’t motivate alone) and
motivators
D
...
Mayo
Human Relations motivation is improved by better human relations at
work
D
...
Vroom
Expectancy
Theory
motivation depends on expectations of effort needed
and the rewards
...
S
Title: Motivation Theory's
Description: Definition of Motivation Sources of Motivation Different Motivation Theorists -Frederick Taylor - Principles of Scientific Management -Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs - Douglas McGregor - Theory of X & Y - Frederick Herzberg - Motivation Factors
Description: Definition of Motivation Sources of Motivation Different Motivation Theorists -Frederick Taylor - Principles of Scientific Management -Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs - Douglas McGregor - Theory of X & Y - Frederick Herzberg - Motivation Factors