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Chapter  16  and  17  Notes  
 

I
...


III
...
Reggio  Emilia  
B
...
Developed  in  northern  Italy  
Contemporary  Approaches  to  Student  Learning  and  Assessment  (454)  
A
...
Constructivist  Approach:  a  learner-­‐centered  approach  that  emphasizes  the  
importance  of  individuals  actively  constructing  their  knowledge  and  understanding  
with  guidance  from  the  teacher  
i
...
Children  should  be  encouraged  to  explore  their  world,  discover  knowledge,  
reflect,  and  think  critically,  with  careful  monitoring  and  meaningful  guidance  
from  the  teacher  
iii
...
Direct  Instruction  Approach:  a  structured,  teacher-­‐centered  approach  that  is  
characterized  by  teacher  direction  and  control,  high  teacher  expectations  for  
students’  progress,  maximum  time  spent  by  students  on  academic  tasks  and  efforts  
by  the  teacher  to  keep  negative  affect  to  a  minimum  
c
...
Direct  approach  turns  children  into  passive  learners  and  does  not  adequately  
challenge  them  to  think  in  critical  ways  
ii
...
Accountability  (455)  
a
...
No  Child  Left  Behind  Act  (2002)  
c
...
Improved  performance  
ii
...
High  expectations  
iv
...
Improved  confidence  in  schools  as  test  scores  rise  
d
...
One  test  provides  a  narrow  view  of  students  skills  
f
...
Creativity  
ii
...
Persistence  
iv
...
Social  skills  
Early  Childhood  Education  (456)  
A
...
Views  of  Piaget  and  Vygotsky  
B
...
Preschool  is  becoming  a  norm  
b
...
Emphasizes  the  education  of  the  whole  child  and  concern  for  his  or  her  
physical,  cognitive,  and  socieoemotional  development  

ii
...
Emphasis  placed  on  process  of  learning  
iv
...
Each  child  follows  a  unique  developmental  patter  
2
...
Play  is  extremely  important  in  the  child’s  total  development  
c
...
Maria  Montessori  
ii
...
Allowed  to  move  from  one  activity  to  another  as  they  desire  
iv
...
Teacher  shows  the  child  how  to  perform  intellectual  activities,  demonstrates  
interesting  ways  to  explore  curriculum  materials,  and  offers  to  help  when  the  
child  requests  it  
vi
...
Developmentally  Appropriate  and  Inappropriate  Education  (457)  
i
...
Desired  Outcomes  
1
...
Working  cooperatively  
3
...
Developing  self-­‐regulatory  skills  
5
...
Education  for  Young  Children  who  are  Disadvantaged  
a
...
Half  a  century  
c
...
1  million  children  enrolled  annually  
e
...
Controversies  in  Early  Childhood  Education  (459)  
a
...
Whether  preschool  education  should  be  universal  in  the  United  States  
c
...
NAEYC  
ii
...
Advocate  a  child-­‐centered,  constructivist  approach  
2
...
Reality  
1
...
Universal  preschool  Education  (460)  
i
...
Edward  Zigler  
1
...
Prepare  children  for  success  in  school  
 

IV
...


Elementary  School  (460)  
A
...
Early  school  =  negative  feedback  
Educating  Adolescents  (460)  
A
...
Quality  of  school  life  plunges  
b
...
Less  stressful  when  they  have  positive  relationships  with  friends  
d
...
Puberty  
ii
...
Formal  operational  though  
iv
...
Increase  responsibility  
vi
...
Larger  school  
e
...
Effective  Schools  for  Young  Adolescents  (462)  
a
...
Carnegie  Corporation  
C
...
Expectations  too  low  
b
...
Dropout  rates  declined  (21st  century)  
d
...
3%  
e
...
Native  Americans  =  highest  in  US  
g
...
Not  liking  school  
ii
...
Economic  reasons  
iv
...
Marriage  
h
...
Early  reading  programs  
ii
...
Counseling  
iv
...
Bill  and  Melinda  Gates  Foundation  
D
...
Linked  to:  
i
...
Increased  school  engagement  
iii
...
Improved  probability  of  going  to  college  
v
...
Lower  rates  of  depression  
E
...

VII
...


IX
...
Connecting  with  diversity  
I  Have  a  Dream  (464)  
A
...
Low-­‐income,  ethnic  minority  backgrounds  have  more  difficulties  in  school  than  do  their  
middle  socioeconomic  status  White  counterparts  
B
...
Low-­‐income  barriers  
i
...
Incapable  of  reading  
iii
...
Malnourished  
v
...
Violence  
b
...
Fewer  resources  
ii
...
Not  good  environments  
C
...
Inner  city  schools  =  segregated  
i
...
Not  adequate  opportunities  
b
...
Turn  the  class  into  a  jigsaw  classroom  
1
...
Encourage  students  to  have  positive  personal  contact  with  diverse  other  
students  
iii
...
View  the  school  and  community  as  a  team  
1
...
Comer  Projects  for  Change  
a
...
Mental  health  or  school  support  team  
c
...
Be  a  competent  cultural  mediator  
The  Scope  of  Disabilities  (468)  
A
...
Learning  Disabilities  
a
...
Dyslexia:  category  reserved  for  individuals  who  have  seer  impairments  in  their  
ability  to  read  and  spell  
c
...
Very  slow  
ii
...
Numerous  spelling  errors  

d
...
Attention  Deficit  Hyperactivity  Disorder  (ADHD)  (469)  
a
...
Inattention  
ii
...
Impulsivity  
b
...
ADHD  with  predominantly  inattention  
ii
...
ADHD  with  both  inattention  and  hyperactivity/impulsivity  
c
...
Heightened  awareness  to  disorder  
ii
...
Causes  
i
...
Damage  to  brain  
iii
...
Brain  
i
...
Delay  in  prefrontal  area  
f
...
Ritalin    
ii
...
Emotional  and  Behavioral  Disorders  
a
...
Autism  Spectrum  Disorders  (ASD)  (470)  
a
...
Severe  disorder  labeled  autistic  disorder  to  milder  disorder  called  Asperger  
syndrome  
c
...
Problems  in  verbal  and  nonverbal  communication  
ii
...
Repetitive  behaviors  
d
...
1-­‐3  years  of  age  
e
...
Autistic  Disorder:  severe  developmental  autism  spectrum  disorder  that  has  its  onset  
in  the  first  three  years  of  life  and  includes  deficiencies  in  social  relationships,  
abnormalities  in  communication,  and  restricted,  repetitive,  and  stereotyped  
patterns  of  behavior  
g
...
Obsessive,  repetitive  routines  and  preoccupations  with  a  particular  subject  
h
...
Brain  dysfunction  
ii
...


XI
...
Genetic  factors  
1
...
Boys  more  likely  than  girls  
j
...
Benefit  
i
...
Individualized  instruction  
iii
...
1975  Public  Law  94-­‐142  
a
...
All  children  with  disabilities  be  given  a  free,  appropriate  public  education  
B
...
Disabilities  Education  Act  (IDEA)  
C
...
Lease  Restrictive  Environment  (LRE):  a  setting  that  is  as  similar  as  possible  to  a  classroom  
in  which  children  who  do  not  have  a  disability  are  educated  
E
...
James  Kauffman  
a
...
Intrinsic  motivation  
a
...
Interest  
c
...
Self-­‐Determination  and  Personal  Choice  (473)  
a
...
Richard  Ryan  and  Edward  Deci  
i
...
Cognitive  Engagement  and  Self-­‐Responsibility  
a
...
Some  Final  thoughts  About  Intrinsic  and  Extrinsic  Motivation  (474)  
a
...
The  Processes  
a
...
Self  efficacy  
c
...
Goal  setting,  planning,  and  self-­‐monitory  
e
...
Mastery  Motivation  and  Mindset  
a
...
Mastery  Motivation:  task  oriented;  they  concentrate  on  learning  strategies  
and  the  process  of  achievement  rather  than  their  ability  or  the  outcome  
ii
...
Performance  Orientation:  focused  on  winning,  rather  than  on  achievement  
outcome,  and  believe  that  happiness  results  from  winning  

XII
...


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

b
...
Carol  Dweck  
ii
...
Two  Mindsets  
1
...
Growth  mindset  
iv
...
Brainology  
Self  Efficacy  (476)  
A
...
Albert  Bandura  
C
...
Expectations  
a
...
Motivation  
ii
...
Parents  Expectations  
E
...
Long  term  and  short  term  goals  
b
...
Plan  how  to  reach  goals  
F
...
William  Damon  
b
...
Most  teachers  and  parents  communicate  the  importance  of  goals  such  as  studying  
hard  and  getting  good  grades,  but  rarely  discuss  what  the  goals  might  lead  too  
Ethnicity  and  Culture  (478)  
A
...
Sandra  Graham  
i
...
Cross-­‐Cultural  Comparisons  
a
...
Asia  
c
...
Latvia  
e
...


Front  Page  (484)  
A
...
Japanese  American  girl  
C
...
Expectations  of  Asian  American  students  
XV
...
Culture  is  reflected  in  attitudes  that  people  have  and  the  way  they  interact  with  children  
B
...
People  in  all  cultures  tend  to  believe  that  what  happens  in  their  culture  is  “natural”  
and  “correct”  and  that  what  happens  in  other  cultures  in  “unnatural”  and  incorrect”  
C
...
Global  interdependence  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  belief  or  choice
...
Cross-­‐Cultural  Comparisons  (486)  
A
...
In  many  countries,  males  have  far  greater  access  to  educational  opportunities,  more  
freedom  to  pursue  a  variety  of  careers,  and  fewer  restrictions  on  sexual  activity  than  
females  
C
...
United  States  
b
...
Great  Britain  
d
...
Collectivism:  emphasizes  values  that  serve  the  group  by  subordinating  personal  goals  to  
preserve  group  integrity,  interdependence  of  the  members,  and  harmonious  relationships  
a
...
Japan  
c
...
Thailand  
E
...
Personal  choice  
b
...
Self-­‐esteem  
d
...
Four  values  of  collectivistic  cultures  
a
...
Orientation  to  the  larger  group  
c
...
Catherine  Tamis-­‐LeMonda  
a
...
What  is  Socioeconomic  Status  (488)  
A
...
Members  of  a  society  have:  
a
...
Different  levels  of  educational  attainment,  and  some  individuals  have  more  acess  
than  others  to  better  education  
c
...
Different  levels  of  power  to  influence  a  community’s  institutions  
C
...
Factor  worker  
b
...
Maintenance  workers  
D
...
Skilled  worker  
b
...
Professional    
XVIII
...
Parents  SES  linked  to  neighborhoods  and  schools  children  attend  
B
...
Less  consistent  
b
...
More  punitive  parenting  
d
...
Lower  SES  parents  
a
...
Authoritarian  parenting  
c
...
More  directive    
e
...
Higher  SES  parents  
a
...
Strive  to  create  a  home  atmosphere  in  which  children  are  more  nearly  equal  
participants  
c
...
Less  directive  
e
...
Poverty  (489)  
A
...
Psychological  Ramifications  of  Poverty  
a
...
Powerless  
ii
...
Rules  are  handed  down  to  them  in  an  authoritarian  manner  
iv
...
No  financial  resources  to  fall  back  on  
vi
...
Limited  jobs  
viii
...
Countering  Poverty’s  Effects  (491)  
a
...
More  effective  with  young  children  than  older  
b
...
Evaluated  the  effects  of  New  Hope  
1
...

XXI
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XXIII
...


XXV
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2
...
 The  Quantum  Opportunities  Program    
Immigration  (494)  
A
...
Immigrant  Stressors  
a
...
Separations  from  support  networks  
c
...
Struggle  to  preserve  ethnic  identity  and  to  adapt  to  the  majority  culture  
C
...
Emphasis  on  family  duty  and  obligation  
Ethnicity  and  Socioeconomic  Status  (495)  
A
...
It  is  important  to  separate  SES  from  ethnicity  in  determining  the  educational  and  
occupational  aspirations  of  individuals  
C
...
Prejudice,  discrimination,  and  bias  because  of  their  ethnic  minority  status  
b
...
Historical,  economic,  and  social  experiences  produce  differences  between  various  ethnic  
minority  groups,  and  between  ethnic  minority  groups  and  the  majority  White  group  
B
...
Asian  Americans  include  
a
...
Japanese  
c
...
Koreans  
e
...
Prejudice:  is  an  unjustified  negative  attitude  toward  an  individual  because  of  the  
individual’s  membership  in  a  group  
B
...
Lower  levels  of  psychological  functioning  
b
...
Symptoms  of  depression  
d
...
Discrimination  and  prejudice  still  exist,  and  equality  has  not  been  achieved  
D
...
Mark  Baurelein  (499)  
a
...
 Children  use  an  average  of  6  hours  of  media  a  day  
Television  and  Electronic  Media  (500)  
A
...
Positive  Effects  
a
...
Bringing  information  about  the  world  beyond  their  immediate  environment  
c
...
Negative  Effects  
a
...
Distracting  them  from  doing  their  homework  
c
...
Providing  them  with  violent  models  of  aggression  
e
...
Television,  Violent  Video  Games,  and  Aggression  
a
...
Watching  television  violence  is  associated  with  aggressive  behavior,  does  not  cause  
it  
E
...
Aimee  Leifer  
b
...
Learning  to  share  
c
...
Singaporean  middle-­‐school  students  
F
...
Infancy:  learning  from  electronic  media  is  difficult  for  infants  and  toddlers,  and  they  
learn  much  more  easily  from  direct  experiences  with  people  
b
...
 
c
...
Reduced  vocalizations  
ii
...
Difficulty  distinguishing  reality  from  fantasy  
XXVII
...
Internet:  the  core  of  computer-­‐mediated  communication  
B
...
Accessing  adult  sexual  material  
b
...
Other  inappropriate  information  
C
...
Digitally  Mediated  Social  Environment  
i
...
Chat  rooms  
iii
...
Blogs  
v
...
Videosharing  
vii
...
Virtual  worlds  
b
...
Bonita  Williams  
i

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