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Chapters  10,  11,  and  12  
 
 
I
...


III
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V
...
Darius  
a
...
Stay  at  home  dad  
What  are  Emotions  (290)  
A
...
Positive  Emotions  
a
...
Joy  
c
...
Negative  Emotions  
a
...
Anger  
c
...
Sadness  
D
...
Biological  
a
...
Limbic  system  and  brain  stem  
c
...
Frontal  regions  
ii
...
Cultural  
a
...
When,  where  and  how  emotions  should  be  expressed  
G
...
Play  role  in  infants  neurobiological  regulation  
A  Functionalist  View  of  Emotion  (291)  
A
...
Elicited  in  interpersonal  contexts  
C
...
Relational  rather  than  strictly  internal,  intrapsychic  phenomena  
D
...
Based  on  affectively  oned  interchanges  –  infant  cries  
E
...
Parents  facial  expression  
F
...
Linked  with  an  individuals  goals  in  a  variety  of  ways  
Emotional  Competence  (291)  
A
...
As  acquired,  more  likely  too:  
a
...
Become  resilient  in  stressful  circumstance  
c
...
Early  Emotions  
a
...
Fist  six  months  
ii
...
Interest  
iv
...
Anger  
vi
...
Fear  
viii
...
Self  Conscious  Emotions:  require  self-­‐awareness  that  involves  consciousness  and  a  
sense  of  “me”  
i
...
Empathy  
iii
...
Pride  
v
...
Guilt  
c
...
Debate  how  early  in  the  infant  and  toddler  years  the  emotions  that  we  have  
describe  first  appear  and  their  sequence  
d
...
Structure  immaturity  of  the  infant  brain  make  it  unlikely  that  emotions  
require  thought  can  be  experience  in  the  first  year  
B
...
First  relationships  
b
...
Mutually  regulated  
d
...
Crying  (294)  
i
...
Basic  Cry:  rhythmic  pattern  that  usually  consists  of  a  cry,  followed  by  a  brief  
silence,  hen  a  shorter  whistle  that  is  somewhat  higher  in  pitch  than  the  main  
cry,  then  another  brief  rest  before  the  next  cry
...
Anger  cry:  a  variation  of  the  basic  cry  in  which  more  excess  air  is  forced  
through  the  vocal  cords  
iv
...
Smiling  (294)  
i
...
Social  smile:  a  smile  that  occurs  in  response  to  an  external  stimulus,  typically  
a  face  in  the  case  of  the  young  infant  
g
...
Development  course  of  infant  smiling  
h
...
Stranger  anxiety:  infant  shows  a  fear  and  wariness  of  strangers  
i
...
Separation  protest:  crying  when  the  caregiver  leaves  
C
...
Caregivers  actions  influence  the  infant’s  neurobiological  regulation  of  emotions  
b
...
Infants  affected  by:  

VI
...


i
...
Hunger  
iii
...
Whose  around  
v
...
John  Watson  (296)  
i
...
Mary  Ainsworth  and  John  Bowlby  
i
...
Try  to  make  sense  of  others  emotions  
B
...
Michael  Lewis  
i
...
Children  must  be  aware  of  themselves  
C
...
Certain  situations  evoke  particular  emotions  
b
...
Emotions  affect  behavior  
d
...
Prosocial  behavior  
D
...
Manage  demands  and  conflicts  
b
...
Emotion-­‐coaching:  monitor  their  children’s  emotions,  view  their  children’s  
negative  emotions  as  opportunities  for  teaching,  assist  them  in  labeling  
emotions,  and  coach  them  in  how  to  deal  effectively  with  emotions  
ii
...
Regulating  Emotions  and  Peer  Relations  
i
...
Understanding  and  managing  emotions  
B
...
Improved  emotional  understanding  
b
...
Increased  tendency  to  be  aware  of  the  events  leading  to  emotional  reaction  
d
...
The  use  of  self-­‐initiated  strategies  for  redirecting  feelings  
f
...
Coping  with  Stress  
a
...
10  years  –  cognitive  strategies  
c
...
Harm  development  
ii
...
Factors  
i
...
Severity  
iii
...


IX
...


XI
...
Recommendations  
D
...
Chess  and  Thomas’  Classification  
a
...
Easy  Child:  generally  in  a  positive  mood,  quickly  establishes  regular  routines  in  
infancy,  adapts  easily  to  new  experiences  
c
...
Slow  to  warm  up  child:  has  a  low  activity  level,  is  somewhat  negative  and  displays  a  
low  intensity  of  mood  
B
...
Differences  between  shy,  subdued,  timid  child  and  sociable  extraverted,  bold  child  
b
...
Rothbart  and  Bates  Classification  
a
...
Extraversion/surgency:  “positive  anticipation,  impulsivity,  activity  level,  and  
sensation  seeking”  
c
...
Easily  distressed    
ii
...
Efforful  control:  “attentional  focusing  and  shifting,  inhibitory  control,  perceptual  
sensitivity,  and  low-­‐intensity  pleasure”  
D
...
Biological  Influences  
a
...
High  and  stable  heart  rate  
ii
...
High  activity  in  right  frontal  lobe  
iv
...
Heredity  
i
...
Developmental  Connections  
a
...
Easy  temperament  when  young  –  well  adjusted  when  older  
c
...
Developmental  Contexts  
a
...
Theodore  Wachs  
c
...
The  match  between  the  child’s  temperament  and  the  environmental  demands  the  child  
must  cope  with  
B
...
Social  Orientation  
a
...
Vocalization,  touch,  gestures  

XII
...
Still  faced  paradigm:  the  caregiver  alternates  engaging  in  face-­‐to-­‐face  interaction  
with  the  infant  and  remaining  still  and  unresponsive  
c
...
Locomotion  (307)  
a
...
Intention,  Goal-­‐Directed,  Behavior,  and  Cooperation  (307)  
a
...
Joint  attention:  occurs  when  the  caregiver  and  infant  focus  on  the  same  object  or  
event  
D
...
To  “read”  the  emotions  of  others  
b
...
Infants’  Social  Sophistication  and  Insight  
a
...
A  close  emotional  bond  between  two  people  
B
...
Freud,  Erikson,  Bowlby  
b
...
Attached  to  whatever  provides  oral  satisfaction  
c
...
Monkey  
d
...
Trust  versus  mistrust  
ii
...
John  Bowlby  
i
...
Conceptualization  of  Attachment  (309)  
1
...
Birth-­‐2months  
2
...
2-­‐7  months  
3
...
7-­‐24  months  
4
...
24  months  on  
iii
...
Individual  Differences  (310)  
a
...
Securely  attached  babies:  use  caregiver  as  secure  base  from  which  to  explore  the  
environment  
c
...
Insecure  Resistant  Babies:  often  cling  to  the  caregiver  and  then  resist  her  by  fighting  
against  the  closeness  
e
...
Evaluating  the  Strange  Situation  

XIII
...


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

g
...
Ainsworth  
1
...
Alan  Sroufe  
1
...
 
iii
...
Infants  –  highly  resilient  and  adaptive  
D
...
Developmental  Social  Neuroscience  and  Attachment  
a
...
Neuropeptide  hormones  
i
...
Vasopressin  
Father  and  Mothers  as  Caregivers  
A
...
Fathers  are  able  to  active  as  sensitively  and  responsively  as  mothers  
Childcare  (314)  
A
...
U
...
 adults  cannot  receive  paid  leave  from  their  job  to  care  of  children  
B
...
Major  national  concern  
b
...
Safe  environment  
ii
...
Participation  in  age  appropriate  activities  
iv
...
Strategies  
i
...
Make  decisions  that  will  improve  the  likelihood  you  will  be  hood  parents  
iii
...
Take  some  time  to  find  the  best  child  care  available  

  
XV
...
Maxine  Hong  Kingston  
B
...
Self  Understanding  (324)  
A
...
Based  on  membership  categories  
C
...
Infancy  
i
...
Difficult  
iii
...
Rudimentary  form  –  3  months  
v
...
Mirror  Technique  
1
...
Infant  touches  its  nose  
3
...
15-­‐18  months  signs  of  self  appear  
5
...
Second  year  –  body  awareness  
b
...
Five  Main  Characteristics  
1
...
Concrete  descriptions  
3
...
Active  descriptions  
5
...
Middle  and  Late  Childhood  (326)  
i
...
Psychological  characteristics  and  traits  
2
...
Social  comparison  
4
...
Realistic    
d
...
Abstract  and  idealistic  
ii
...
Contradictions  within  the  self  
iv
...
Real  and  ideal  selves  
1
...
Self-­‐integration  
XVII
...
Social  Cognition:  processes  involved  in  understanding  the  world  around  us,  especially  how  
we  think  and  reason  about  other  people  
B
...
4-­‐5  describe  themselves  in  terms  of  psychological  traits,  perceive  others  
i
...
Gullibility  “Candy  Witch”  
c
...
Egocentric    
e
...
Middle  and  Late  Childhood  
a
...
Increases  
b
...
6-­‐8  understand  others  have  different  perspectives  because  some  people  have  
more  access  to  information  
c
...
Becomes  skeptical  
XVIII
...
Self  Esteem:  a  person’s  self-­‐worth  or  self-­‐image,  a  global  evaluation  of  the  self  
B
...
Assessment  
A
...
Self-­‐Perception  Profile  for  Children  
i
...
Scholastic  competence  
2
...
Social  acceptance  
4
...
Behavioral  conduct  
b
...
Assesses  global  self-­‐worth  and  five  domains  plus  three  addition  
1
...
Romantic  appeal  
3
...
Self-­‐esteem  has  a  strong  tie  with  self-­‐perception  –  physical  appearance  
XX
...
Males  is  higher  than  females  
a
...
Variations  in  Self-­‐Esteem  (332)  
A
...
Moderate  correlations  between  school  performance  and  self-­‐esteem  
C
...
Greater  initiative  
b
...
Antisocial  actions  
D
...
More  depressed  
b
...
Anorexia  nervosa  
E
...
Expression  of  affection  
b
...
Harmony  in  the  home  
d
...
Availability  to  give  competent,  organized  help  

XXII
...


XXIV
...


f
...
Abiding  by  the  rules  
h
...
 Self-­‐portrait  composed  of  many  pieces  
Erikson’s  View  (335)  
A
...
 Identity  confusion:  adolescents  are  faced  with  deciding  who  they  are,  what  they  
are  all  about,  and  where  they  are  going  in  life  (5th  stage)  
B
...
Society  leaves  adolescents  free  of  responsibilities  and  able  to  try  different  identities  
C
...
Individuals  withdraw,  isolating  themselves  from  peers  and  family  
b
...
William  Damon  
a
...
Identity  
a
...
Identity  Statuses  
a
...
4  statuses  of  identity  or  ways  of  resolving  identity  crisis  
1
...
Identity  foreclosure  
3
...
Identity  achievement  
b
...
Commitment:  personal  investment  in  identity  
d
...
Oliver  
f
...
Marcelo  
h
...
They  must  be  confident  that  they  have  parental  support  
ii
...
They  must  be  able  to  adopt  a  self-­‐reflective  stance  towards  the  future  
C
...
Alan  Waterman  
Social  Contexts  (338)  
A
...
Catherine  Cooper  
i
...
Individuality  
2
...
Culture  and  Ethnicity  
a
...
Ethnic  Identity:  an  enduring  aspect  of  the  self  that  includes  a  sense  of  membership  
in  an  ethnic  group,  along  with  the  attitudes  and  feelings  related  to  that  membership  
c
...
First  Page  (345)  
A
...
Jerry  Maquire  
C
...
Preview  (346)  
A
...
Gender  identity:  involves  a  sense  of  one’s  own  gender,  including  knowledge,  
understanding,  and  acceptance  of  being  male  or  female  
C
...
Gender  typing:  refers  to  acquisition  of  a  traditional  masculine  or  feminine  roles  
XXVIII
...
Hormones  
a
...
Estradiol    
b
...
Testosterone  
ii
...
Produced  by  testes  –  males  
c
...
Females  XX  
e
...
Congenital  adrenal  hyperplasia  (CAH)  
ii
...
Pelvic  field  deficit  
B
...
Emphasis  the  adaptation  during  the  evolution  of  humans  produced  psychological  
differences  between  males  and  females  
b
...
Social  Influences  (348)  
A
...
Social  Role  Theory:  states  that  gender  differences  result  from  the  contrasting  roles  
of  women  and  men  
b
...
Social  cognitive  theory  of  gender:  children’s  gender  development  occurs  through  
observation  and  imitation,  and  through  the  rewards  and  punishments  children  
experience  for  gender-­‐appropriate  and  gender  inappropriate  behavior  
B
...
Mothers  Role  
a
...
Teaching  activities  
D
...
Leisure  activities  
E
...
Mothers  socialization  strategies  
b
...
Cognitive  Influences  (350)  
A
...
Gender  Schema  Theory:  sates  that  gender-­‐typing  emerges  as  children  gradually  develop  
gender  schemas  of  what  is  gender-­‐appropriate  and  gender-­‐inappropriate  in  their  culture  
C
...
Gender  Schema:  organizes  the  world  in  terms  of  female  and  male  
XXXI
...
Gender  Stereotypes:  are  general  impressions  and  beliefs  about  females  and  males  
B
...
Instrumental:  male  
i
...
Aggressive  
iii
...
Expressive:  female  
i
...
Sensitive  
C
...
Males  
i
...
Independent  
iii
...
Achievement  oriented  
v
...
Anger  
vii
...
Females  
i
...
Affiliative  
iii
...
More  helpful  
v
...
Guilt  
vii
...
Sadness  
ix
...
Sympathy    
D
...
Present  in  2  year  olds  
XXXII
...
Differences  
a
...
Even  when  gender  differences  occur,  there  is  often  considerable  overlap  between  
males  and  females  
c
...
Physical  Similarities  and  Differences  
a
...
Twice  the  body  fat  as  males  
ii
...
Estrogens    
iv
...
Less  likely  to  develop  physical  and  mental  disorders  
vi
...
Males  
i
...
10%  taller  
iii
...
High  levels  of  stress  hormone  
c
...
Cognitive  Similarities  and  Differences  
a
...
Better  verbal  skills  
ii
...
Engage  with  academic  material  
b
...
Better  visuospatial  skills  
D
...
Aggression  
i
...
Girls  more  verbally  aggressive  
iii
...
Relationship  Communication  
i
...
Rapport  Talk:  the  language  of  conversation  and  way  of  establishing  
connections  and  negotiating  relationships  
2
...
Women  more  relationship  oriented  than  men  
c
...
Girls  more  likely  to  express  emotions  
ii
...
Prosocial  behavior  
i
...
Gender  Controversy  (357)  
a
...
Alice  Eagly  
c
...
John  Gray  
XXXIII
...
Androgyny:  the  presence  of  a  masculine  and  feminine  characteristics  in  the  same  person  
B
...
Androgynous  individuals  are  more  flexible,  competent,  and  mentally  healthy  
XXXIV
...
 William  Pollack  
XXXV
...
 The  view  that  when  an  individual’s  competence  is  at  issue  it  should  be  conceptualized  on  a  
personal  basis  rather  than  on  the  basis  of  masculinity,  femininity,  or  androgyny  
XXXVI
...
 Nowhere  more  apparent  than  when  examining  what  is  culturally  prescribed  behavior  for  
females  and  males  in  various  countries  around  the  world  



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