Search for notes by fellow students, in your own course and all over the country.
Browse our notes for titles which look like what you need, you can preview any of the notes via a sample of the contents. After you're happy these are the notes you're after simply pop them into your shopping cart.
Title: Complete Comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide
Description: These notes are designed as per the 20-1 Social Studies Alberts curriculum but are easily extended into other courses and curriculum. This guide explores nationalism and dives into how independent self-interest forms nations and changes political boundaries. There is also in full detail, the full events of each world war.
Description: These notes are designed as per the 20-1 Social Studies Alberts curriculum but are easily extended into other courses and curriculum. This guide explores nationalism and dives into how independent self-interest forms nations and changes political boundaries. There is also in full detail, the full events of each world war.
Document Preview
Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above
Nationalism defined:
A patriotic feeling, extreme form of national independence;
● Michael Ignatieff A doctrine in which world people are divided into nations, not nations
should have the right to selfdetermination, that full self determination requires
statehood
...
Many beliefs in society boil down to two things
● Collectivism:
○ Places the needs of the group before those of the individual
● Individualism:
○ Value the individual over the entire group
Countries vs Nations
● Understandings of Nation
○ linguistic
○ Ethnic
○ Cultural
○ Religion
○ Geography
○ Nation/Relationship to the land
○ Spiritual
○ Political
●
●
Definitions
○ NationState: A country that as physical borders and a single government
...
National selfdetermination
is the power of people within a nationstate or nation to make their own decisions
about what is in their best interest
...
Sovereignty may
be distinguished from,and can sometimes conflict with, selfdetermination, which
is the people’s right to control their own affairs
...
No matter what their ethnicity, culture,
and language
...
A constitution often defines who can be a citizen and who
should have special protection
...
● Factors that Determine Placement
○ Two major factors shape political views
■ First is how much change a person is willing to have within their society
and government
■ Second is how much government involvement in the economy
■ Also some people consider how much freedom is is obtained from
government or authority leader
...
■ Example: V
...
Lenin
○
Liberal
■ Liberals believe that the government should be actively involved in the
promotion of social welfare of a nation’s citizens
■ They usually call for peaceful, gradual change withing the existing political
system
■ They reject violent revolution as a way of changing the way things are,
often called the status quo
■ Example: Martin Luther King
○
Moderate
■ Share viewpoints with both liberals and conservatives
■ They are seen as tolerant of other people’s views and they do not hold
extreme view of their own
■ They advocate “go slow” or “wait and see” approach to social or political
change
■ Example: Michael Ignarieff
○
Conservative
■ Hold conservative ideals ideals favor keeping things the way they are or
maintaining the status quo if it is what they desire
■ Conservatives are usually hesitant or cautious about adopting new
policies, especially if they involve government activism in some way
■ They feel that the less the government is involved, the better
■ The best government governs the least
■ Example: Stephen Harper
Reactionary
■ They want things to go back to the way that they were (the good ol days)
■ Willing to use extreme methods, such as repressive use of government
power, to achieve their goals
■ Example: Adolf Hitler
○
National Interest and Foreign Policy
● National Interests
○ The interests of the people of a nation
...
○ Economic Treaties (NAFTA, WTO)
○ Security Treaties (NATO, WTO)
○ Foreign Wars (Peacekeeping)
○ Sovereignty (Arctic Sovereignty)
National Interest may focus on one or more of the following:
● Safety and Prosperity
○ Physical protection / laws to protect citizens within a country
● Economic Prosperity
○ Stable employment
● Beliefs and Culture
○ Affirming and promoting the citizen’s beliefs
Arctic Sovereignty
● National interest often involves claiming sovereignty over territory
● Canada, United States, Denmark, Norway and Russia have claims
● Russia planted a flag in a symbolic claim
● UN states that countries have sovereignty over 22 km of sea beyond their coastline and
370 km
● People want rights to harvest resources
○ Oil, Natural Gas, Gold, Tin and Diamonds
○ 25% of the world's undiscovered oil and gas resources may lie in the Arctic
● Factors that have increased importance of claims
○ Climate Change in the Arctic
○ Ice melting causing northwest passage to open
○ Shortens distance for shipping between Europe and Asia
○ Canada claims the Northwest Passage is our territory
○ The United States believes that it is international waters
Exploring Loyalties Contending Nationalist Loyalties
Nationalist Loyalties
● A commitment or loyalty to one’s nation
● NonNationalist loyalties as well
○ Religion, spiritual, cultural, practices, history, regional interests, political ideas
● Notre Dam nation, flames nation, etc
...
They
celebrate unique holidays
● Cultural Pluralism
○ Encouraging collectives to affirm and promote their unique cultural identity
Reasonable accommodation
● Canada believes in
reasonable accommodation
for its citizens and their culture
○ A legal and constitutional concept that requires Canadian public institutions to
adapt to the religious and cultural practices of minorities as long as these
practices do not violate other rights and freedoms
● We are officially multicultural
Contending Loyalties of French Canadians: Quebec Sovereignty
● French canadians feel a loyalty towards Canada but their french roots as well
● 1995 Referendum
○ Results:
■ 95% of people voted
■ 50
...
42% No
Sovereignists Vs Federalists
● Those who voted in favour of Quebec separating and forming an independent nation are
called
sovereignists
● Those that voted for Quebec staying with Canada are
Federalists
because they feel
that quebec should remain a canadian province
Language Loyalties and Bill 101
● During the 1960s and 1970s Quebec went through a “Quiet Revolution”
● Before the 1960s Quebec was a largely rural society and very religious (catholic)
● Government wanted to improve the economy education and social programs
● Quebec started to become more modern and many people moved into more urban areas
Maintaining French Culture
● In an effort to maintain French culture within these new urban areas, the Quebec
government passed Bill 63 (1969) which guaranteed that parents in Quebec had the
right to choose what language their children would be educated with
● Bill 27 took this a step further in 1974, as it stated that all contracts issued in Quebec
were to be written in French
Language Loyalty and Bill 101
● In 1977, Parti Quebecois leader, Rene Levesque established Bill 101 in which it was
“Resolved therefore to make French the language of Government and the Law, as well
as the normal and everyday language of work, instruction, communication, commerce
and business
...
Pushed
business away
...
Anglophones
● Separatists vs Federalists
● First Nations vs
...
People may be loyal
to and identify with family, friends, a region, an idea, a collective or group, a way of life
and a culture
● List of NonNationalist Loyalties
○ Religious
○ Humanitarianism
○ Cless
○ Ideological
○ Regional
○ Cultural
○ Racial/Ethnic
○ Environmental
What challenges arise from having contending nationalist loyalties?
● Many people feel loyalties toward such things as religion, region, culture and race that
are not always a part of your sense of nationalism toward you're nationstate
● These loyalties often contend with each other and the need to reconcile or balance these
loyalties is needed
● This is a very individualized process
Religion
● Canada’s Charter of rights and freedoms states very clearly that people have the right to
freedom of religion
● Example:
○ The mennonites
■ Were encouraged to immigrate to Canada to settle unclaimed farmland in
the prairies in the early 1900s
■ Granted Canadian citizenship and freedom of religion
■ They were also excluded from WWI because of their pacivist belief
system
■ Many people questioned their loyalty to their new nation and home
...
jobs
Regional Loyalties and Oil
● In 1970’s Canada experienced period of inflation (rising prices and a drop in the
purchasing power of money)
● Happened again in the 1980’s when the price of oil rose
...
Federal
Canada and the Kyoto Protocol
● Countries around the world came together in 1997 to address the problem of global
warming
● Tried to agree on the fact that global warming is a serious threat
● Tried to agree on emission reductions
● Canada to reduce emission by 6% and US by 7%
● George W
...
Historical Context
● France was constantly at war with its traditional rival, Britain and other european
countries (included support for the american war of independence)
● These wars were costly and the results for France were largely unsuccessful
...
Treasury was drained and the country was
nearly bankrupt
● France had a monarchy system of government
...
■ Estates General
● Since the rule of absolute monarchy, France did not have a
parliament or citizenrun governing system
● Composed of representatives from the Three Estates
○ Clergy
○ Nobility
○ Everyone Else
● Louis XVI planned to persuade the estates to approve new taxes
○
○
○
Backfired
Bourgeoisie were determined to change the system and
create a constitution that set out equal rights for all men
Representatives from the third estate demanded that
voting be by population
■ This would give the third estate a great advantage
Tennis Court Oath
● The third estate declared itself to be the national assembly saying they were the only
group that represented the nation
...
He ordered the three estates the meet together
as the national assembly and vote, by population, one a constitution for france
Storming of the Bastille
● “Parisian” revolution due to food shortages, soaring bread prices, and fear of military
repression
● Stormed Bastille and demanded the surrender of the prison in search of gunpowder on
weapons
● Bastille was a symbol of tyranny A prison where the king locked up individuals who
spoke out against the crown
● Significance: inadvertently saved the national assembly from the king’s repression
● News of the storming of the Bastille spread and inspired other french citizens to take up
arms against the king and the nobility
...
Constitution blueprint of france
● Abolished privileges of the upper class such as the monarch, clergy and aristocrats
● Developed a nonreligious republic
● Laws and principles of the new state
● political and social equality of all men
● Sovereignty of all people
●
●
●
National right to liberty, property, security and resistance to opposition
Issued in a new era; leaving the Old Regime behind
○ Elevation of the state to new heights
King refused to sign, tried to assemble troops in an attempt to retain his position as ruler
by Divine Right
Political Factors
● Reaction outside France
○ rulers feared the spread of revolution
○ sent forces against France to restore monarchy
■ Strengthened French nationalism
○ Furious citizens attack palace and the monarchy ends
...
She also disagreed with the execution of the king
○ She was arrested, found guilty of treason and beheaded
Declaration of the rights of woman
● Women did gain some rights during the french revolution, but these were designed for
other than liberating women
○ Women could inherit property, but only because doing so weakened feudalism
and reduced wealth among the upper classes
○ Divorce became easier, but only to weaken the church's control over marriage
Napoleon Reforms France
● In 1799, the directory and france continued to fact the same problems that had plagued
france since before the revolution
● The french people perceived the directory as corrupt and incompetent
● Abbe Sieyes and Roger Ducos, two of the directors plotted to overthrow the directory
● In order to achieve success, they needed the support of the military and felt that
napoleon could be used as a figurehead with no real power
● A coup d'etat is when the military ais in or completely overthrow the government and
takes control of the country
Code Napoleon
●
●
Every french male was guaranteed:
○ Equality before the law
○ Right to choose your profession
○ Freedom of religion
○ Freedom from arrest without due process
○ Protection of property
○ Abolition of serfdom
Was adopted in each of the countries conquered by Napoleon in Europe effectively
ending any link to the feudal past of europe
Bank and Tax Reform
● France’s debt in 2900 esd 474,000,000 francs and the government only had 167,000
francs on hand
● Napoleon created the Bank of France to encourage business development and stabilize
the value of the Franc
● Government control over money production and loan financing stabilized the french
economy
● Tax collectors became government employees
● No tax exemption were given based on the class system
● Indirected on goods were raised
● In 1800 the government collected 660,000,000 francs
Napoleon’s effect on Italy
● The italian states
○ In 1805 the kingdom of italy was created
■ Ruled by his step son
○ In 1806 the Kingdom of Naples was created
■ Ruled by his brother in law
○ In 1809 The papal states became occupied territories of the french empire
The end of the holy Roman Empire
● The small duchies that made up the holy roman empire were consolidated by napoleon
to ease administration and implement the code napoleon
● The holy roman empire was officially disbanded in 1806 and replaced with the
confederation of the Rhine controlled by Napoleon
Continental system
● Berlin Decree: Napoleon orders all ports closed to discourage trade with britain
● Two goals:
○ Decrease the exports of britain to the continent its number one trading partner
○ Increase the exports of french products throughout europe
...
Napoleon Abdicates
● France was now faced with a dull our invasion
● Paris occupied by allied troops in April 1814
● Napoleon’s own marshalls insisted that he abdicate (give up) the throne in favour of his
son
...
Their mission was to join serbians with the SouthSlavs that
lived in Austria and Hungary
○ Austria and Hungary (Germans and Hungarians) were afraid of the nationalist
interests of Slavic minorities
○ They also disliked the neighboring Serbia because they wanted to create a
greater Serbia with these Slavic minorities
...
○ The system of alliances escalated the tension between AustriaHungary and
Serbia
○ Created general European war
○
○
●
Germany supported supported AustriaHungary in an aspiration to crush Serbia
However, Russia feared AH and Germany would expand further into
southeastern Europe
...
○ With the support of France, Russia began to mobilize
○ In response, Germany declared war
○ Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium also brought Great Britain into the war
Long Term Causes”
○ Militarism
■ Romantic glorification of war
■ War seen as the only remedy for an afflicted people
■ Heroism in war valued
■ “To banish war from history would be to banish all progress and
becoming”
■ Also, many felt militarism was necessary because a good healthy nation
is always looking to expand
■ Need new land for new people
■ “Strong, healthy, and flourishing nations increase in numbers
...
■ Triple Alliance
● Germany
● AH
● Italy
■ Triple Entente
● Great Britain
● France
● Russia
■ Having support of allies makes you less likely to compromise
■ Can cause a country to act aggressively
■ Causes other countries to be drawn into war if a member of their alliance
is fighting
■
■
○
This happened in 1914 when Germany supported AH in its aspiration to
crush Serbia
Russia felt threatened and the war began
Imperialism
■ Imperialism is when a country takes over new lands or countries and
makes them subject to their rule
■ British empire extended over 5 five continents
■ France had control in large parts of Africa
■ Rise of Industrialism meant countries needed new markets to obtain
goods and sell goods
■ Germany had entered the scramble for colonies late and only had a small
area in Africa
■ Created competition with Britain and France
■ Relations between the two opposing alliances were bitter because of
trade and colonial rivalries
■ In the “Scramble for Africa” the African continent had been divided up
between the European powers, each wanted a greater share of the
world’s trade
...
■ However, there were a number of different ethnic groups in the Balkans,
all looking for the formation of independent states
■ Within states like Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania
there were a number of “greater nations” looking to enlarge their
boundaries
■ This led to a number of conflicts and the Balkan Wars in 19121913
●
The Blank Check
○ PanSlavism gained popularity in the Balkans
○ Sought to unite all the Slavs of the Balkans into one nation
○ However this would require some of the territory owned by AustriaHungary
○ AH would not allow this and Germany was willing to offer them a “blank check”
●
Allies in WWI
○ Central Powers
■ AustriaHungary
■ Germany
■ Ottoman Empire
■ Italy was part of the Triple alliance but did not fight with them during the
war, but rather they fought with the Triple Entente
○ Triple Alliance
■ AustriaHungary
■ Germany
■ Italy
○ Triple Entente
■ Britain
■ France
■ Russia
Italy and WWI
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Italy was allied with Germany and AustriaHungary
However, Italy managed to avoid entering the war at first by arguing their allies’ war was
offensive and not defensive
They were only obligated to help their allies if the war was defensive
Italy stated their allies had instigated the war
Italy actually waited to see how the war progressed and decided to enter into war with
the Entente alliance
Britain wanted them as allies because they were close to AH and offered them land after
the war was won
Offered them land that was currently under control by AH
The fact that Italy wanted part of AustriaHungary land was a very large weakness of the
Triple Alliance
The countries are working together and fighting against one another
When Italy entered into AH to fight, they were badly beaten by the AH
Lost many men and were devastated by the war
At the treaty of Versailles, Italy felt insulted by how they were treated
Felt they were considered as a second rate country
Vittorio Orlando represented Italy at the Treaty and felt he was not listed too
The United States and WWI
● President Woodrow Wilson declared a US policy of absolute neutrality
● However, Germany kept pushing the US
● Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare was affecting America's commercial
shipping to France and Britain
● Forced the US to enter the war in April 1917
● Germany had a policy of warning and allowing time to evacuate ships carrying
passengers before they sank them
● However, in 1915 the Lusitania was sunk without a warning, killing over 120 Americans
● One year later, the Sussex was sunk by a German Uboat
● The US offered a warning to the Germans who temporarily backed down
● However, the Germans tried to persuade Japan and Mexico to attack the US in an
attempt to eliminate American involvement
● The US discovered what the Germans had done and congress gave permission for
Wilson to enter the war
The End of The Great War
● War ends November 11, 1918
● The Big Three
○ After an armistice, delegates from 32 countries met to discuss a treaty for peace
○ The conference was dominated by the “Big Three”
■ Britain
■ America
■ France
○
○
They all had differing ideas and personalities
The Big four and what they wanted
■ Britain
● Maintain and expand its empire
● Punish but not cripple Germany
○ potential future trading partner
○ might lead to future war
○ Might make Germany turn to communism
● Keep France and Germany in balance (neither more powerful than
the other)
● Reparations (Money to cover the costs of war)
■ France
● Revenge / Security
○ Germany should be crippled
○ Reparations
○ Germany to lose territories
■ Overseas colonies
■ Other territorial gains
○ Monitor to prevent future attacks
■ Italy
● Lands promised by allies in return for changing alliances in 1915
○ Regions currently held by Austria Hungary
○ New territorial expansions
■ United States
● Reparations
● Wilson’s 14 points
●
●
Treaty of Versailles
Wilson’s 14 points
○ Six key principles of the 14 points
■ Setting up a League of Nations
● An international Organization that would ensure “political
independence and territorial integrity to great and small states
alike”
● Rather than having countries arm themselves equally to ensure
safety, they would work together in the interest of their collective
safety
● Many of the US did not support the idea and the Senate did not
support the Treaty of Versailles or the League of Nations
■ Disarmament of weapons
■ Selfdetermination (right to rule themselves)
■ Freedom for colonies
■ Freedom of the seas
○
○
○
■ Free Trade
Woodrow Wilson was the president of the United States at the time
He presented 14 points that he felt would create a long lasting peace
The 14 points:
■ I
...
● No more secret agreements between countries
■ II
...
● International seas should be free to navigate during peace or war
■ III
...
■ IV
...
● Worldwide reduction in weapons
■
■
■
V
...
● Colonial claims over land will be fair
VI
...
The treatment accorded Russia by
her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good
will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own
interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy
...
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored,
without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common
■
■
■
with all other free nations
...
Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of
international law is forever impaired
...
All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions
restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter
of AlsaceLorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly
fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made
secure in the interest of all
...
A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly
recognizable lines of nationality
...
The peoples of AustriaHungary, whose place among the nations we
wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest
opportunity of autonomous development
...
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied
territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea;
and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined
by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and
nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic
independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should
be entered into
...
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be
assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now
under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an
absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development, and
the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the
ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees
...
An independent Polish state should be erected which should include
the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should
be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and
economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by
international covenant
...
A general association of nations must be formed under specific
covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political
independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike
...
Nationalism and Ultranationalism
● Ultranationalism Is:
○ An extreme form of nationalism
○ Move from being their own nation, and its interests to becoming hostile towards
other nations
○ This hostility can endanger international peace
○ Can include racism and fanaticism that can lead to conflict
○ Some people may see themselves as ultranationalistic while some see them as
patriotic
● Why does ultra nationalism emerge?
○ One of the largest reasons is poverty
○ When people are hungry there is almost always some type of revolution
○ People start to grasp on to extreme ideas
○ One such revolution happened in Russia
● Ultranationalism in the Soviet Union
○ Russia was originally ruled by an absolute monarch and were known as the czar
○ Under this government, many people were poor peasants or serfs (80%)
○ People started to protest for economic equality
○ Vladimir Lenin was popular with the people
○ He called for “Peace, Land, Bread”
○ Vladimir Lenin gained enough support to take power with Leon Trotsky
○ Implemented communism
○ Followed many ideas of Karl Marx and communism
■ Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto during the industrial revolution
...
Many people believed that the owners of the factories were taking
advantage of their workers
Marx believed this to be true as well
● He believed that one day the workers would rise up, come
together and take over the means of production from the owners
● The revolution would be violent at first
● However, slowly people began to realize that a state in which
everyone is equal and that works towards a common goal is most
desirable
○
Lenin dies and Joseph Stalin takes over government (1928)
■ Wants to make Russia strong
■ Communism becomes even more extreme
■ Everything is for the state
■ Implements a series of 5 year plans
● Stalin came up with one of three 5 year plans
● Plans were to lead the Soviet Union to increased industrialization
and to collectivize the country as whole
...
They
were labeled unsoviet
...
Presented himself as
a man of the people
...
Clothing carefully chosen
...
● Stalin wanted to create a godless society, or a society that only
put the state first
...
Christianity and the
values of meekness and humility were replaced with self
discipline, loyalty to the party, confidence in the future and hatred
of the enemies
...
People were referred to as
comrades and happiness was mandatory
...
In the East
○ Since 1910, Japan had colonized Korea
○ 1931 Japan occupied Manchuria
○ 1937 Japan invades China proper
●
“Asian Holocaust”
○ Known as the rape of Nanking
○ Unit 731, American coverup
○ “comfort women”
○ Induced famine in Vietnam and Indonesia
●
New alliances formed for WWII
○ Axis Powers:
■ Germany, Italy and Japan
○ Allies
■ Britain, France then later on, Soviet Union and United States
●
1945 Allies victorious in Europe, then Japan
○ Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US to end WWII
●
Japan and WWII
○ During WWI Japan supported the allies
○ Increased trade to the west
○ However, when the Great Depression hit trading partners started to isolate
themselves
○ Cut off Japan
○ Japan went through tough times during the Great Depression
○ Canada, USA and Australia did not allow japanese immigrants
○ Hungry from rice famine
○ People became more and more ultranationalistic and blamed government
○ In order to increase access to materials and markets, Japan invaded Manchuria
(China)
○ League of Nations failed to do anything about it
○ Strong Military now controlled Japanese government
○ Brought back traditional warrior values, such as obedience to the state emperor
...
■ Held a special vote to ask Canadians to break his promise (Plebiscite)
■ 63% supported king
■ However, 85% of francophone did not support
■ Crisis not as big as in WWI, but some riots
Internment in Canada
■ Propaganda depicted Japanese, Germans and Italians as enemies
■ After Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces in 1941, racism grew larger
■ 1942, Japanese Canadians living within 160 kilometers of Canada’s
pacific coast were rounded up and sent to internment camps
■ Although the government promised to return seized Japaneseowned
homes, property and businesses
● They were sold at bargain prices
■ Used this money to pay for the costs of camps
■ Families torn apart
■ Moved to terrible living conditions and forced to work
■ Often living in barns and stables
■ No privacy
■ Unsanitary
■ Very cold in the winter
■ 22,000 Japanese Canadians were interned
■ Held on speculative evidence
■ There was no proof of any espionage or sabotage
■ However, the War Measures Act gave the federal government sweeping
powers
■ Included power to hold people without evidence
Title: Complete Comprehensive Final Exam Study Guide
Description: These notes are designed as per the 20-1 Social Studies Alberts curriculum but are easily extended into other courses and curriculum. This guide explores nationalism and dives into how independent self-interest forms nations and changes political boundaries. There is also in full detail, the full events of each world war.
Description: These notes are designed as per the 20-1 Social Studies Alberts curriculum but are easily extended into other courses and curriculum. This guide explores nationalism and dives into how independent self-interest forms nations and changes political boundaries. There is also in full detail, the full events of each world war.