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Title: The Evolution of Populations
Description: Hardy Weinberg, Natural Selection, Intro to Biodiversity
Description: Hardy Weinberg, Natural Selection, Intro to Biodiversity
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Chapter 23-‐ The Evolu2on of Popula2ons
23
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No muta'ons
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Random ma'ng
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No natural selec'on
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Extremely large popula'on size
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5
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By moving alleles into or out of popula2ons, gene flow can alter allele
frequencies
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3 Natural Selec@on, gene@c driF, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a popula@on
• A devia2on from any of these condi2ons is a poten2al cause of evolu2on
1
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Non random ma2ng (viola2on of condi2on 2) can affect the frequencies oh homozygous and
heterozygous genotypes but itself has no effect on allele frequencies in the gene pool
Natural Selec@on
• individuals in a popula2on exhibit varia2ons in their heritable traits, and those with traits that are
be_er suites to their environment tend to produce more offspring than those with traits that are not
as well suited
• selec2on results in alleles being passed to the next genera2on in propor2ons that differ from those in
the present genera2on
• ex-‐ fruit flies D
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Gene@c DriF
• Chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one genera2on to the next,
especially in small popula2ons— a process called gene'c driH
• example: founder effect and bo_leneck effect
The Founder Effect
• when a few individuals become isolated from a larger popula2on, this smaller group may establish a
new popula2on whose gene pool differs from the source popula2on called the founder effect
• ex-‐ when a few members of a popula2on are blown by a storm to a different island-‐ gene2c dri\ can
occur and alter allele frequencies
The BoSleneck Effect
• a severe drop in popula2on size can cause the boKleneck effect, so named because the popula2on has
passed through a “bo_leneck” that reduces its size
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Gene'c driH is significant in small popula'ons
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Although chances events
occur in popula2ons of all sizes, they tend to alter allele frequencies substan2ally only in small
popula2ons
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Gene'c driH can cause allele frequencies to change at random
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Thus, unlike natural selec2on, which in a given environment consistently favors some
alleles over others, gene2c dri\ causes allele frequencies to change at random over 2me
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Gene'c driH can lead to a loss of gene'c varia'on within popula'ons
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Because
evolu2on depends on gene2c varia2on, such losses can influence how effec2vely a popula2on can
adapt to a change in the environment
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Gene'c driH can cause harmful alleles to become fixed
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In very small popula2ons,
gene2c dri\ can also cause alleles that are slightly harmful to become fixed
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Gene Flow
• allele frequencies can change by gene flow, the transfer of alleles into or out of a popula2on due to
the movement of fer2le individuals or their gametes
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In fact, it is extensive enough, gene flow can result in two
popula2on combining into a single popula2on with a common gene pool
Title: The Evolution of Populations
Description: Hardy Weinberg, Natural Selection, Intro to Biodiversity
Description: Hardy Weinberg, Natural Selection, Intro to Biodiversity