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Title: The Evolution of Populations
Description: Hardy Weinberg, Natural Selection, Intro to Biodiversity

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Chapter  23-­‐  The  Evolu2on  of  Popula2ons  
23
...
No  muta'ons
...
Random  ma'ng
...
No  natural  selec'on
...
Extremely  large  popula'on  size
...
 
5
...
 By  moving  alleles  into  or  out  of  popula2ons,  gene  flow  can  alter  allele  
frequencies
...
3  Natural  Selec@on,  gene@c  driF,  and  gene  flow  can  alter  allele  frequencies  in  a  popula@on    
• A  devia2on  from  any  of  these  condi2ons  is  a  poten2al  cause  of  evolu2on    
1
...
Non  random  ma2ng  (viola2on  of  condi2on  2)  can  affect  the  frequencies  oh  homozygous  and  
heterozygous  genotypes  but  itself  has  no  effect  on  allele  frequencies  in  the  gene  pool    
Natural  Selec@on    
• individuals  in  a  popula2on  exhibit  varia2ons  in  their  heritable  traits,  and  those  with  traits  that  are  
be_er  suites  to  their  environment  tend  to  produce  more  offspring  than  those  with  traits  that  are  not  
as  well  suited    
• selec2on  results  in  alleles  being  passed  to  the  next  genera2on  in  propor2ons  that  differ  from  those  in  
the  present  genera2on    
• ex-­‐  fruit  flies  D
...
 
Gene@c  DriF    
• Chance  events  can  cause  allele  frequencies  to  fluctuate  unpredictably  from  one  genera2on  to  the  next,  
especially  in  small  popula2ons—  a  process  called  gene'c  driH  
• example:  founder  effect  and  bo_leneck  effect    
The  Founder  Effect    
• when  a  few  individuals  become  isolated  from  a  larger  popula2on,  this  smaller  group  may  establish  a  
new  popula2on  whose  gene  pool  differs  from  the  source  popula2on  called  the  founder  effect  
• ex-­‐  when  a  few  members  of  a  popula2on  are  blown  by  a  storm  to  a  different  island-­‐  gene2c  dri\  can  
occur  and  alter  allele  frequencies    
The  BoSleneck  Effect    
• a  severe  drop  in  popula2on  size  can  cause  the  boKleneck  effect,  so  named  because  the  popula2on  has  
passed  through  a  “bo_leneck”  that  reduces  its  size
...
Gene'c  driH  is  significant  in  small  popula'ons
...
   Although  chances  events  
occur  in  popula2ons  of  all  sizes,  they  tend  to  alter  allele  frequencies  substan2ally  only  in  small  
popula2ons
...
Gene'c  driH  can  cause  allele  frequencies  to  change  at  random
...
   Thus,  unlike  natural  selec2on,  which  in  a  given  environment  consistently  favors  some  
alleles  over  others,  gene2c  dri\  causes  allele  frequencies  to  change  at  random  over  2me
...
Gene'c  driH  can  lead  to  a  loss  of  gene'c  varia'on  within  popula'ons
...
   Because  
evolu2on  depends  on  gene2c  varia2on,  such  losses  can  influence  how  effec2vely  a  popula2on  can  
adapt  to  a  change  in  the  environment
...
Gene'c  driH  can  cause  harmful  alleles  to  become  fixed
...
   In  very  small  popula2ons,  
gene2c  dri\  can  also  cause  alleles  that  are  slightly  harmful  to  become  fixed
...
   

Gene  Flow    
• allele  frequencies  can  change  by  gene  flow,  the  transfer  of  alleles  into  or  out  of  a  popula2on  due  to  
the  movement  of  fer2le  individuals  or  their  gametes
...
 In  fact,  it  is  extensive  enough,  gene  flow  can  result  in  two  
popula2on  combining  into  a  single  popula2on  with  a  common  gene  pool
Title: The Evolution of Populations
Description: Hardy Weinberg, Natural Selection, Intro to Biodiversity