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ATP
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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There are thousands of these so
they’re arranged into metabolic pathways, the intermediates in these are metabolites
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g
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g
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Active transport and protein synthesis happen in all living things
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They’re organic and can be used as building blocks of other organic
molecules or as a source of chemical potential energy which is released by respiration and used for
work
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ATP is made of adenosine, which is adenine (nitrogenous base) and ribose (pentose sugar), and 3
phosphate groups
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Removing phosphate groups
ATP-> ADP + Pi + 30
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6kj/mol
AMP -> A + Pi + 13
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The energy comes from changes in chemical
potential energy of all parts of the system and the energy produced provides the cell’s energy
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Energy currency (ATP) is an immediate donor of energy to the cell’s energy requiring reactions
Energy storage is a short term (glucose/ sucrose) or long term (glycogen/ starch) store of chemical
potential energy
ATP:
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Small
Soluble
Only requires one enzyme to produce it
Universal within cells and within all living things
Releases energy in small amounts so there’s less wastage

Phosphorylation is the addition of phosphate to ADP
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Photophosphorylation is in the chloroplasts during
photosynthesis
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Hydrogen splits into protons (H+) and
electrons (e-)
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An electrochemical gradient is formed
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The
enzyme is ATPsynthase
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Respiration
Respiration is the process in which organic molecules act as a fuel which is broken down in a series
of stages to release chemical potential energy which is used to synthesis ATP
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Glucose (C6H1206) enters the
cytoplasm, and has to be altered to ensure that it
remains there and to make it more reactive
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The phosphate molecules come from ATP
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The
phosphate molecules attach to the glucose
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Remember that it uses 2ATP molecules to provide 2 phosphate groups
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This then breaks into two
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This forms two 3carbon sugar phosphates
(triose phosphates)
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ADP is converted to ATP which uses the
phosphate, taken from the triose phosphate
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The hydrogen is taken from triose phosphate and this gives energy to make the ATP
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The enzyme dehydrogenase
encourages hydrogen to come away from the triose phosphate
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This means that in total; 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of reduced NAD, 4 molecules
of ATP- but 2 molecules are used at the start, so 2 molecules of ATP are produced
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The link reaction
If oxygen is available, pyruvate moves into the mitochondria in the matrix because of the
concentration gradient
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This gives acetyl which has 2

carbons
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The hydrogen is picked up, producing
reduced NAD
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This is then ready to directly enter the Kreb’s cycle
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the co A is removed, forming a 6
carbon compound
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One carbon is removed from this as carbon dioxide, also
releasing ATP and 3 hydrogens which are picked up by NAD, and by FAD
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FAD is only found in the mitochondria

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