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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1– INTRODUCTION OF BRIDGE
CHAPTER 2 –DISCRIPTION OF FLYOVER BRIDGE
CHAPTER 3 –AIM AND OBJECTIVE
CHAPTER 4 –SURVEY AND SITE LOCATION
CHAPTER 5 –SITE DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS
CHAPTER 6 –PLANNING OF OUR PROJECT
CHAPTER 7 –TRAFFIC SURVEY AND ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 8 –CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9 –FUTURE ASPECT
1
LIST OF FIGURE
FIG 1 - Cantilever Bridge I
FIG 2 - Cantilever Bridge II
FIG 3 - Beam Bridge
FIG 4 - Girder Bridge
FIG 5 - Truss Girder Bridge
FIG 6 - Barrel Type Arch Bridge
FIG 7 - Suspension Bridge
FIG 8 - Simple Bridge
FIG 9 - Grade Separator
FIG 10 - Cloverleaf Junction (Top view)
FIG 11 - Cloverleaf Junction (Isometric View)
FIG 12 - Piers and Abutments
FIG 13 – View I
FIG 14 – View II
FIG 15 – View III
2
FIG 16 – View IV
FIG 17 – View V
FIG 18 – Side View and Top View
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION OF BRIDGE
1
...
The required passage may be for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline
...
1
...
1
...
1 Superstructure or Decking
This includes slab, girder, truss, etc
...
2
...
1
...
3 Substructure
This comprises piers and abutments, wing walls or returns and their foundation
...
2
...
3
1
...
5 Wing walls and Returns
These are provided as extension of the abutments to retain the earth of approach bank
which otherwise has a natural angle of repose
...
2
...
This is to be provided sufficiently deep so
that it is not affected by the scour caused by the flow in the river and does not get
undermined
...
1
...
1
...
1 According to the flexibility of superstructure as fixed span bridges or movable
bridges
...
Movable span bridges
In case of movable span superstructure, the superstructure is lifted or moved with the
help of some suitable arrangement
...
3
...
For each span,
the load carrying member is simply supported at both ends
...
They are suitable at places where uneven
settlements of foundations are likely to take place
...
They are
statically indeterminate structures
...
In continuous bridges the bending moment anywhere in
the span is considerably less than that in case of simply supported span
...
In continuous bridges the stresses are reduced due to negative moments
developed at pier or supports
...
Following are the advantages of RCC continuous girder bridges over simply supported
girder bridges
As the bearings are placed on the centreline of piers, the reactions at piers are
transmitted centrally
...
The depth of decking at mid span is reduced and it may prove to be useful for
over bridges where headroom is of prime consideration
...
There is reduction in cost as less quantity of concrete and steel are required
...
The design is more complicated as it is a statically indeterminate structure
...
5
Cantilever
A cantilever bridge is formed of cantilevers projecting from supporting piers
...
A cantilever bridge combines the
advantages of a simply supported span and a continuous span
...
They are suitable in case of uneven settlement of
foundation
...
FIG 1
In case of cantilever bridge with balanced type of construction, hinges are provided at
the points of contraflexure of a continuous span and an intermediate simply
supported span is suspended between two hinges
...
3
...
Slab
6
Beam
FIG 3
Girder
FIG 4
Truss
The girder/beam as well as the truss can be made up of timber, steel or concrete,
made up of combination of steel and concrete
...
The decking can be of timber, concrete or
steel spanning across the stiffening girders transmitting load to the suspenders
...
8
Various economical span ranges for these types generally adopted are:
Arch
For small spans of 3 to 15m in masonry steel arch up to 519m and
concrete arches up to 305m Spans
...
Girders and beams
10 to 60m (exception up to 250m in continuous Construction)
...
Suspension Bridges
Over 500m up to 1400m
...
Table 1
1
...
4 According to the materials of construction used for superstructure as cement
concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, masonry, iron, timber or composite bridges
...
The masonry bridges are used for short spans and according to availability
of material and skilled labour
...
The next form
of construction was Timber Bridge in which timber was used for spanning the gap
and also for supporting the beams
...
With the invention and
development of concrete, bridges are being built entirely with concrete, either
reinforced or prestressed or a combination of both for superstructure
...
The common examples of composite
construction are:
Concrete beams reinforced with steel bars
...
9
Following are the advantages of composite bridges
...
It leads to speed in construction
It proves to be economical
...
The cost of formwork is reduced
...
The cost of transportation is minimized
...
Table shows the maximum spans up to which a particular type of bridge can be
recommended
...
No
Type
Maximum Span
1
RCC arch bridge
200 m
2
RCC bow-string girder bridge
45 m
3
RCC cantilever bridges with balanced type
30 m
4
RCC continuous bridge
45 m
5
RCC deck type girder bridge
20 m
6
RCC filled spandrel fixed arch bridge
35 m
7
RCC open spandrel rib type bridge
60 m
8
RCC portal frame bridge
15 m
9
Prestressed concrete arch bridge
150 m
10
Prestressed concrete continuous bridge
110 m
11
Prestressed concrete girder bridge simply supported
55 m
12
Steel arch bridge
500 m
13
Steel bow-string girder bridge
240 m
14
Steel cable suspension bridge
1200 m
10
15
Steel plate girder
30 m
16
Steel rolled beam bridge
10 m
17
Steel truss bridge
180 m
Table 2
1
...
5 According to the function as road, railway, road-cum-railway or pipeline
bridges
...
3
...
Majority of steel bridges are of riveted type, welded type is recently used
...
Welded
1
...
7 According to the length of span as culvert, minor bridges, major bridges or
long span bridges
...
Minor bridge (6 to 30m)
Major bridge (above 30m)
Long span bridge (above 120m)
1
...
8 According to the level of crossing of highways and railways as over bridges or
under bridges
...
Under bridge
11
When the highway is carried under the railway track by means of bridge is
known as the under bridge
...
3
...
1
...
10 According to the loadings, the road bridges and culverts as IRC class A, class
AA, class B
1
...
Occasionally, however, the problem is complicated by special
requirements, such as appearance, restricted headroom, difficult foundations, limited time of
construction, or difficulties in formwork caused either by the required height of supports or
by the fact that it is necessary to maintain traffic under the bridge during construction
...
Simply supported girders with concealed cantilevers, with or without counterweights
...
For a bridge with several spans, the following arrangements should be considered:
A number of simply supported girder spans
...
Continuous girders supported by independent piers
...
The number of simply supported girder spans and a combination of girders provided with
cantilevers and short spans supported by these cantilevers are statically determinate
arrangements
...
12
CHAPTER 2
DISCRIPTION OF FLYOVER BRIDGE
2
...
Reason behind going for a flyover - As the traffic on the road goes on increasing and we
don’t have any space left in both the dimensions, then the only option left will be to go to the
third dimension and that is done through flyover construction
...
2 Design of flyover
All roads, flyovers, etc
...
The slab of a flyover is
designed to withstand the 20 tons weight, (dynamic load) of a fully loaded truck
...
Similarly the clear height of the
flyover slab is based on the requisite 7-9metres clearance for a truck
...
The slope of the flyover ramp is also calculated on the basis of a
1:20 gradient, on the basis of a truck
...
The cost saving alone in the embankments would be considerable
...
2
...
Classification -
2
...
1 Railway Crossing - At railway crossing where there is high traffic congestion in terms
of the frequency of trains passing by or the traffic on the road, in both the cases the flyover
should be provided along the road
...
2
...
2 Road crossing - There are two types of flyovers which are used for traffic
management at road crossings
...
3
...
1 Simple Flyovers
FIG 8
In this case, the main road is used for fast traffic, which is made to pass at a high level by a
bridge, providing ramps on both the approaches; and the slow traffic is made to pass
underneath
...
2
...
2
...
It is essentially a multi-level rotary with traffic segregation at distinct vertical levels on the
basis of mode of traffic and not direction alone
...
The
Rotary Grade Separator carries this idea of segregation through to a traffic crossing
...
The biggest benefit of the Rotary Grade Separator is that it is designed around
the human being - the pedestrian and providing him safe and secure movement and access
...
3
...
3 Cloverleaf Junction
Cloverleaf Junction (Top view)
FIG 10
It is also a type of grade separator
...
It requires a very large area
of land
...
This is more advantageous than a roundabout, as there is no necessity for weaving
and slowing down of traffic
...
So, totally there should be
4 x 3 = 12 connectivity
...
The only bridges
required are to separate the two roadways
...
We can notice that most loop ramps are banked to counteract centrifugal
forces
...
4 Advantages of flyover:
Flyovers play a major role in streamlining the traffic control system
...
Pollution effect is reduced
...
Flyovers also contribute a lot to the aesthetics of the city
...
16
CHAPTER 3
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
3
...
17
3
...
The public felt inconvenient to
cross the busy Godhra highways & A
...
Road
...
The traffic problem need to be solved by providing some effective solution
...
In Indore city, we have got a fast moving BRTS (Bus Rapid Transit System) corridor starting
from Bhawarkua to Niranjanpur
...
It
is another reason behind going for the Flyover Bridge
...
Increasing Traffic Problem
...
Rush at Shivaji Square at peak hours
18
CHAPTER 4
SURVEY AND SITE LOCATION
4
...
A reconnaissance survey is made at all possible sites
...
A location survey is
made to lay out the bridge according to the bridge plans
...
The accuracy of measurements and the number and type of survey markers vary with
the degree of precision demanded and the type of construction
...
4
...
2
...
B
...
The length of flyover 60 m and length of approaches is 300 m
...
19
4
...
2 Site observation
The following points are the guiding factors for selection of suitable site
...
The availability of main materials are to be ascertained
Rush at Shivaji Square at peak hours
...
4
...
The site should optimally serve the local people
...
Fulfils the general condition
...
Have shortest possible span
...
4 General condition for flyover bridge site
The bridge site should fulfil a number of general conditions:
traditional crossing point
maximum bridge span
space for the bridge foundations
20
CHAPTER 5
SITE DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS
5
...
70
30
23
...
18
90
24
...
63
150
-
180
-
210
-
Remark
Road to income tax office
Starting of backfilling
End of backfilling
Starting of backfilling
21
240
23
...
52
300
23
...
68
360
23
...
2 Specification
All roads, flyovers, etc are designed solely to accommodate the heaviest and tallest
vehicle: the fully loaded truck, thus resulting in a gross over design for cars
...
This results in a slab with box girders that are about 2-3metres deep
...
The
finished slab of the flyover is at 9-12metres
...
However, a slope of 1:10 would
provide comfortable access for cars
...
Similarly, by factoring segregation of traffic into design for each aspect, there
would be enormous design optimisation and concomitant cost saving
...
2
...
Pile foundation is one type of deep
foundation
...
Pile is also used for tall structures
...
Piers and Abutments
The maximum proposed height of the pier for Flyover is about 7-9 m
...
The Superstructure is M-40 Grade Deck Slab over precast post-tensioned concrete girders in
M-40 Grade Concrete
...
Gravitational drainage backed by forced system comprising
of suitable pump and appurtenances is proposed for underpass drainage
...
22
FIG 12
...
1 General
This chapter deals with the status of the existing flyover bridges at Shivaji Vatika and
detailed design for the flyover bridge proposed to be constructed and existing capacity from
the consideration of increased future traffic
...
6
...
Design of proposed structures will be in accordance with the provisions of the following IRC
codes:
IRC:5-1998 - Section I, General Features of Design
IRC: 6-2000 - Section II, loads and Stresses
IRC: 18-2000 -Design Criteria for Pre-stressed Concrete Road Bridges
IRC: 21-2000 - Section III, Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced)
IRC: 78-2000 - Section VII, Foundations and Substructure
Whenever IRC codes are silent, relevant BIS codes shall be followed
...
6
...
1 Loading
For additional two lane carriageway bridges on Shivaji Vatika various components of the
bridges will be designed for one lane of IRC class 70 R Loading plus one lane of IRC class
A loading or two lanes of IRC class A loading which ever governs
...
2
...
Rocky, Open foundations have been proposed for
these existing bridge
...
6
...
3 Substructure
Substructure for the proposed bridge will consist of RCC wall type piers and RCC wall type
abutments
...
2
...
6
...
5 Expansion Joint
Strip seal expansion joint is proposed for bridge
...
2
...
It will comprise of 12mm
thick mastic coating with 50rnrn thick asphaltic concrete overlay
...
2
...
3
...
6
...
8 Drainage spouts
Drainage spouts will be provided in accordance with MOST standard plans
...
2
...
6
...
10 Design mixes
Grade of concrete for various components of the Bridge, Following concrete grades, are
proposed to be adopted
...
3 Need and Scope of the project
6
...
1 Need of the project
The need for a Flyover Bridge at the Shivaji Vatika was felt for more than one decade
...
IDA and Public Works Department, Govt
...
P
...
Feasibility study for the project was carried out based on which, a two lane flyover is
envisaged along the Godhra Highway Road at this intersection connecting Bypass road
...
P
...
Cost of the flyover however is borne by the Govt
...
P
...
3
...
Operation and Maintenance of the Flyover Bridge Project in accordance with the
provisions of IRC codes
...
6
...
2
...
Construction of Flyovers, Pedestrian Underpasses, and Cattle Underpasses & Truck
Lay- byes
...
Construction of Service Roads
...
Construction of Administrative Building &Weigh Bridges
...
Traffic Signs & Pavement Markings
...
Patrolling & Traffic Management during Operations Phase
...
4 Proposal design of Flyover Bridge: Technical requirement
This section describes the design process of a generic flyover bridge (not one specific bridge
was considered, but a general applicable design), which can be used in various flyover
bridge projects
...
6
...
1 Functional requirement
Traffic loads, Bridges for local roads
...
Number of openings of the bridge during lifetime
...
Opening restriction for wind force higher than 8 Beaufort
...
6
...
2 Structural requirement
Deflection less than 1/300 of the span length; no requirement according to a standard
but to provide enough stiffness to limit vibrations
...
Fatigue strength and fatigue lifetime of the structure should fulfill the requirements of
structures susceptible to fatigue
...
6
...
3 Additional requirement
No limitation for the height of the structure; in other cases there may be a limit
because of the clearance
...
In-shop production, transport to site and assembly on site
...
There should be a balance between aesthetic and structural demands
...
Traffic and pedestrian lanes should be divided by a run over separation
...
1 Traffic Survey
Traffic survey was made on 17
...
2015, in the project site at Shivaji Vatika from 6:00 pm to
7:00 pm
...
All the five arms of the site was observed and the number of vehicles passed was
converted to PCU’s (Passenger car unit)
...
From survey the value of HPCU of the
intersection is 6547 PCU’s/hr, by considering future taking the design period of 30 years
...
2 Traffic Projection
The projection car unit of a vehicle type has been found up on the size, and speed of the
vehicle type and environment
...
As per IRC: 92 – 2000, the traffic volume limit is 10000 PCU’s/hr
...
The design period is taken as 30 year would be taken for
the construction
...
7
...
34
7
...
35
36
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The need for a Flyover Bridge at the Shivaji Vatika was felt in the previous year
...
IDA and Public Works Department, Govt
...
P
...
The various techniques is also suggested to construct a Flyover Bridge at the junction of
Shivaji Vatika to reduce the traffic problems
...
Therefore we proposed a planning and design of Flyover Bridge at location of Shivaji
Vatika
...
For this we are proposed a design of a Flyover Bridge at the Shivaji Vatika to reduce the
traffic problem occurs at the junction
...
38
39