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Title: Protists
Description: In depth notes on protists and their reproduction/movement.
Description: In depth notes on protists and their reproduction/movement.
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Chapter 25 Biology Study Guide
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Protists are singlecelled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that
generally do not fit into any other kingdom of classification
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(lacks cellular differentiation found in animals, plants, & fungi)
➔ grouped by how nutrients are obtained
➔ Most protists ⇒ (defined by the term) ⇒ EXCLUSION can’t be classified
amongst fungi, plants, or animals
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Euglena contain: chloroplasts
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● Endosymbiosis: organism lives and originates from a larger
organism, in which the smaller organism is engulfed inside of
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b
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➔ Protists have TRADITIONALLY been classified in kingdom Protista
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➔ Many produce can reproduce both sexually (conjugation) and asexually (either
binary fission or multiple fission)
FungiLike
PlantLike
AnimalLike
Obtains nutrients through:
Obtains nutrients through:
Obtains nutrients through:
● Absorption
● Photosynthesis
Slime molds / water molds grouped according to:
Four (4) Phyla
● Ingestion
grouped according to:
● Pigments
● Motility (movement)
Seven (7) Phyla
Four (4) Phyla
Characteristics of Protists:
1
...
Body Plan: ⇐⇑
2
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Autotrophic: (By ⇒⇓ )
● Photosynthesis:
○ light energy ⇒ chemical energy
● Chemosynthesis:
○ chemical energy
b
...
3
...
Cilia:
■ hairlike structures; shorter than flagella and often
form rows; aid in (motility)
b
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Pseudopodia:
■ temporary extensions used to aid in cell
movement (motility)
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(No Movement as an ADULT) ⇔ ( Parasite )
4
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Asexual:
■ Binary fission:
● a form of asexual reproduction in singlecelled
organisms by which one cell divides into two
cells of the same size
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● offspring genetically identical to parent cell
b
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● produce 4 offspring
● offspring genetically different from parent
cells
Science in Action:
● Endosymbiosis a relationship in which one organism lives inside another
● Lynn Margulis american biologist who thought that endosymbiosis led to
evolution of eukaryotic cells
○ Proposed that mitochondria and chloroplasts were separate organisms
that became integral parts of larger cells
■ used electron microscopes and molecular biology
■ worked with Hans Rins
■ looked for presence of DNA in chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis by
using radioactive nucleotides
○ Margulis saw that bacteria and organelles show similarities:
■ Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
● ^have circular DNA
● ^have ribosomes
● ^enclosed in membranes
● ^divide by binary fission (asexual reproduction)
● Kwang Jeon
○ (university of Tennessee)
○ bacteria infected his amoebas some didn’t die!
Harmless amoeba: (STRUCTURE)
➔ asymmetrical ~> shapeless mass of cytoplasm
➔ constantly moving <=> changes shape (undefined) all the time (often)
➔ two divisions of cytoplasm:
|\
➔
a
...
(1) or more food vacuoles in endoplasm
b
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O2 (Oxygen) & CO2 (Carbon dioxide) exchanged by diffusion
...
Cell respiration by diffusion through cell (plasma) membrane
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➔ How it gets food?
● brings food ~> INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
○ ⇑⇒ name of digestion in food vacuole
○ ⇑⇒ Food is broken down inside cell by
enzymes and gets rid of its waste by
exocytosis
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Subphylum ~> Mycetozoa
Contain silicon dioxide
Silicon Dioxide forms: sand,
quartz, glass
(RADIOLARIA FORMS
OOZE)
Ooze ~> sedimentary rock
on ocean floor ; fine grain ;
form from radiolaria
...
Phylum Protozoa
○ 2 subphylum:
■ Sarcodina
■ Mycetozoa
○ Protozoa are singlecelled protists that can move independently without
cilia or flagella
...
■ forms when cytoplasm flows forward creating an armlike extension
■ other pseudopodia retract and cytoplasm moves in direction of new
pseudopodia causing cell to move
■ Pseudopodia engulfs food, moves through cell membrane and into
the cytoplasm, and then food vacuole is formed
...
■ Nutrients absorbed and undigested foods pass through cell
membrane through exocytosis
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surrounding food with pseudopodia
2
...
releases enzymes in vesicle to digest food
Protozoan Diversity
● Sarcodines include:
○ hundreds of species that inhabit:
■ freshwater environment
■ marine environment
■ soil
● Cell membrane of sarcodines are exposed ~> directly to environment
○ EX: Amoebas
● Other sarcodines: covered w/ protective test/ shell
○ EX: foraminifera
● (found) ~> in oceans & are covered w/ intricate tests of
calcium carbonate
● Ancient foraminifera after millions of years became~> limestone
● Tests/shells of a group of mycetozoans ~ (radiolarians) ~ contain: silicon
dioxide (in shells / tests)
● Radiolarians often have:
○ radially arranged spines
● Foraminiferans & radiolarians have: slender pseudopodia that extend through:
tiny openings in test
● Most amoebas live freely, some species live in: human intestines & may cause
disease
○ EX: Entamoeba histolytica:
● enters body through: contaminated food & water
● it releases enzymes that attack lining of large intestine &
cause ulcers
● amebiasis(sometimes fatal disease) may result: causing
acute abdominal pain
...
Phylum Ciliophora:
● more specialized than amoeba
● MOST SPECIALIZED PHYLUM
● (2) nuclei (plural)
○ Macronucleus
○ Micronucleus
● cell specialization
Structural Characteristics:
➔ live in quiet stagnant (calm; undisturbed) water
➔ not asymmetrical ~> slipper shaped !!
➔ move by cilia
➔ round anterior end
➔ pointed posterior end
➔ doesn’t change shape
➔ MORE CELL SPECIALIZATION^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ⇑⇕
● pellicle outside of cell membrane
○ made of protein (protein layer)
● (2) divisions of cytoplasm:
○ Ectoplasm ~> (outside of membrane)
○ Endoplasm ~> (inside & under)
● (2) Nuclei:
○ Micronucleus
● FUNCTION: controls sexual reproduction:
(conjugation)
● larger (greater in size proportion)
○ Macronucleus
● FUNCTION: controls asexual (binary fission) ,
metabolism, other life functions (Development)
● Contractile vacuole
○ Main central w/ radiating canals (more specialized)
● O2 (Oxygen) & CO2 (Carbon dioxide) exchanged by diffusion
...
Function (physiology):
➔ cillia locomotive structure
➔ Cilia lines oral grave and brings food in
...
➔ Diet consists of (eats) :
● bacteria
● yeast
● algae
➔ habitat (WATER)
➔ move FAST
➔ oral groove is lined w/ cilia
➔ Cilia beat & send food into mouth pore
➔ Mouth pore leads into gullet
➔ Food vacuole forms
➔ break away (off
...
) ~> goes into endoplasm (inside membrane ; under)
➔ developes into (becomes) mature food vacuole
3
...
■ EX: tapeworm
○ Ectoparasites ~> lives ON organism
...
● Apical Complex ~> is a group of organelles specialized for entering HOST cells
and tissues
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Phylum Apicomplexa (used to be Sporozoa):
Structure Characteristics:
➔ Adult form no means of locomotions
➔ All animal parasites
➔ asexual and sexual reproduction
● result ⇔ Sporozoites ~> infectious cells protected by resistant coats
➔ require (2) or more different hosts to complete life cycle
➔ Plasmodium parasite cause malaria
● needs (2) hosts:
○ 1
...
humans
➔ Apicomplexan inhabit host’s cells & tissues ~> absorb nutrients & destroy host
cells
➔ Toxoplasma gondii ~> dangerous to developing fetuses / newborn babies
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➔ form gametes in singlecelled gamete chambers called ⇔ gametangia
➔ photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a
➔ most are aquatic, have flagella at same point in life cycle
➔ contain…
...
➔ (4) basic body forms:
● Unicellular:
○ single celled
○ most are free living aquatic organisms and together known as
Phytoplanktons
...
○ protococcus ~> unicellular ; green algae
● Colonial:
○ consist of groups of individual cells acting a coordinated
manner
...
○ carotenoids (accessory pigments)
● capture light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll
a
...
➔ Symbiosis ~> arrangement in which both organisms benefit
...
● Uses:
○ deodorant
○ insecticide
○ toothpaste
○ paint remover & filters
PLANTLIKE PROTISTS:
Phylum Chlorophyta: (green algae)
➔ amazing variety of body forms (4):
○ unicellular
○ colonial
○ filamentous
○ multicellular
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GREEN ALGAE & PLANTS:
➔ chlorophyll a and b
➔ carotenoids (accessory pigments)
➔ store food as: ~> ( Starch )
➔ Cell wall made up of {Composition}: ~~> ( Cellulose )
➔ common ancestor
➔ ancient green algae gave rise to land plants
Phylum Phaeophyta: (Brown algae)
● multicellular
○ 1
...
Macrocystis
● chlorophyll a & c & ( fucoxanthin )
● Fucoxanthin ~> is an accessory pigment that gives algae their characteristic
“brown color”
...
○ Holdfast ~> is the anchor a structure that holds the thallus to ocean
bottom
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○ Blade ~> is the leaflike region modified to capture sunlight for
photosynthesis
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Diatom is a unicellular alga that has a test/ shell that contains silicon
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Shell (test) is the cell wall of a diatom that consists of two valves and contains
silicon dioxide
○ 2 pieces fit together
1
○ each ( 2 ) value contains silicon dioxide
● 3
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Phylum Dinoflagellata: (dinoflagellates)
1
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(2) flagella of unequal ( = ) length
/
a
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cell wall ~> (made of) ~~> cellular plates
4
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(few) ~> calories, heterotrophic
6
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Causes Red Tide
a
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can produce bioluminescence
a
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b
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from highly resistant cysts coverings (that let them survive beneath frozen
surface of lakes (winter) & dry lake beds (summer)
2
...
3
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store much of surplus energy as all played role in formation of petroleum
deposits
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Usually
found in bodies of freshwater, soil, or parasitic
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Phylum Myxomycota (Plasmodial Slime Molds)
a
...
b
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The lack of cytokinesis results in the multinucleated plasmodium
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Slime molds often grow on decomposing organic matter, such as rotting
logs
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e
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Phylum Dictyostelida (Cellular Slime Molds)
a
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Pseudoplasmdium ~> dense structures consisting of thousands of
gathered Dictyostelida; occurs when food or water becomes scarce and
the cells release a chemical that attracts nearby cells
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Both plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds produce fruiting
bodies that resemble those of fungi
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Phylum Oomycota ( Water Molds)
1
...
2
...
3
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Zoospores germinate into threadlike cells
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Zoosporangium produce new zoospores
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During sexual reproduction, water mold cells develop egg containing and
spermcontaining structures
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A zygote grows into a new mass of filaments, which can again reproduce
asexually or sexually
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Phylum Chytridiomycota ( Water Molds)
1
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Primarily aquatic protists characterized by gametes and zoospores with a
single, posterior flagellum
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Chytrids share many characteristics with fungi
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They have similar means of obtaining nutrients, cell walls made of the
same type of material, filamentous bodies, and similar enzymes and
biochemical pathways
Title: Protists
Description: In depth notes on protists and their reproduction/movement.
Description: In depth notes on protists and their reproduction/movement.