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Title: Intro Level Biology Study Guide
Description: This was for a college 100 level biology class for our third exam. It has information on circulation, gas exchange and immunity.
Description: This was for a college 100 level biology class for our third exam. It has information on circulation, gas exchange and immunity.
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Chapter 20: Organismal Form and Function
Animal form reflects function and natural selection
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Epithelial are sheets of closely packed cells that cover your body surface and line your internal organs and cavities
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Allows for fluids and air to pass through
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Simple squamous epithelium (simple means one layer of cell)
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It is thin,
therefore, suitable for exchanging material by diffusion
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Simple cuboidal epithelium ( this is in a ring)
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These are also found in glands
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C
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They line the intestines
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D
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These line your respiratory tract
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E
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These line your esophagus
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Subject to abrasion, such as outer skin
and lining of mouth/esophagus
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These are cells that produce and secrete
the matrix
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Loose connective tissue consists of collagen
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B
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C
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Cartilage at the end of bone (strong and flexible skeletal material)
E
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Blood (transports substances throughout your body and thus functions differently)
Muscle consists of long cells
A
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Responsible for voluntary movements
B
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Smooth musclein the walls of your digestive tract, arteries, and other internal organs
...
Neurons conduct electrical nerve impulses
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See Gas Exchange Ch
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Homeostasis a “steady state”
The maintenance of temperature, pH, blood glucose, calcium, water, and electrolytes
Negative Feedback loop (General structure)
Variables > Sensor > control center > effector | Variables
Chapter 21: Nutrition and Digestion
Processing of food
...
Ingestion the act of eating
Digestion the breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
Absorption the cells lining the digestive tract up the products of digestion
Elimination undigested material passes out of the digestive tract
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Oral Cavity where food is ingested and chewed (Your teeth, tongue, and salivary glands)
Esophagus Food moves down the esophagus prior to entering the stomach
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Stomach Holds your food
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The stomach secretes gastric juice (helps digest
your food; has a pH of 2)
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Small intestines the rest of the digestion of large molecules
Large intestines (colon) Functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces
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Stomach produces gastric acid which helps digest food
Liver / Gall Bladder produces and store bile which helps in the breakdown of fats
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Carnivores have much smaller cecums and colons
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Why? Because plants are much harder to digest, so there needs to be a longer period in which they can be digested and nutrients can
be reabsorbed
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*Explain that nutrition provides: 1
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organic molecules for anabolism; 3
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Fuel to power all of the body’s activities
2
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Essential nutrients; substances that animals can not make for themselves
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Essential nutrients A substance that an organism must absorb, because they cannot synthesize it from any other material
some are essential for all animals while some are essential for only certain species
Essential Fatty acids Fatty acids that we can not make
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Essential amino acids The 8 (of 20) amino acids that we can not make
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The simplest
way to obtain these is by eating animal byproducts and meat
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*Describe the effects of dietary imbalance
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*Recall the key components of gas exchange: exchange across respiratory surface, circulation, exchange with cells
Recalled
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There are three phases
1
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Transport of gases by the circulatory system
3
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Gas Exchange takes place by the process of diffusion
*Describe the types of respiratory surfaces in different animals and their limitations: whole body, gills, trachea, and lungs
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They are limited by their surface to volume ratio
Body surface with circulatory system: Need to be in a moist environment and still limited by their surface to volume ratio
External gills: No active movement of water across the surface; their gills are external (therefore fragile)
Internal gills: Need to be in water
Lungs: We have a concurrent gas exchange (some animals (birds) have a countercurrent gas exchange and lungs)
Trachea (Pipes opening along an insect): Limits the size of the animal (these tend to be insects)
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In air it is difficult to maintain a moist environment for the respiratory surface
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There is more Oxygen in air, less oxygen in water
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*Recall the structure of the lungs and how we fill them with air
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We use partial pressure (diffusion of gases over a gas gradient)
* Describe the transport of gases in the human body
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Moves by diffusion
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Then there is a high carbon dioxide partial pressure and a low oxygen partial pressure
*Describe how oxygen level in controlled
Through a negative feedback loop which responds to pH
Hemoglobin carries Oxygen
the presence of Carbon Dioxide cause the red blood cell to give up an oxygen
while the presence of oxygen in the alveoli causes the red blood cells to give up carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is not carried in red blood cells, but in HCO3 in the plasma (increasing/ decreasing the pH)
Blood pH is used to measure oxygen levels
The Medulla is the “control center and sensor” it contains pH sensors
The effector is increasing our breathing (taking in more oxygen)
The variable is the blood pH
Chapter 23: Circulation
Circulatory systems
...
invertebrates & arthropods) Fluid is pumped through open ended vessels and flows out among the
tissues; there is no distinguish between circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid
Closed circulatory system Blood is confined to vessels, keeping it distinct from the interstitial fluid
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mammals)
Single circulatory system Blood passes through the heart of an animal (eg
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Double circulatory system Blood is pumped through the heart a second time after it loses pressure in the lungs (eg
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We also have a four chambered heart
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* Describe the path of blood through the heart
1
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Blood flows through the capillaries in the lungs and takes up Oxygen and release Carbon dioxide
3
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The blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle
5
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Blood travels throughout the body in veins and arteries
7
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*Explain the cardiac cycle and how it is controlled
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When the heart contracts it pumps blood
When the heart relaxes, blood fills its chambers
The heart is relaxed (AV valves are open, semilunar valves are closed)
The atria contract
The ventricles contract
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Blood Pressure
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Blood Pressure: the force that blood exerts against the walls of your blood vessels
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*Describe the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and what they mean
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This force creates pressure on the arteries
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Diastolic: The lowest arterial blood pressure of a cardiac cycle occurring during diastole of the heart (when blood flows
into all four of its chambers)
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*Calculate MAP and PP
PP (pulse pressure) = SPDP
MAP (mean arterial pressure) = 1/3 SP + 2/3 DP
*Explain how the distribution of blood is controlled
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Sphincters relax and contract
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Structure and Function of Blood
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Plasma Water, ions, plasma proteins, and substances transported by blood
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Red blood cells Transport Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
White blood cells Defense and Immunity
Platelets Blood clotting
*Explain the structure, function and production of red blood cells
...
Vertebrates use both innate immunity and adaptive immunity
innate immunity a set of defenses that are active immediately upon infection and are the same whether or not a pathogen has been
encountered previously
...
Cell mediated innate immunity: Cells do the killing
white blood cells
neutrophils
circulate in the blood
immediate response
move to site of infection
natural killer cells
circulate in blood
recognized stressed, infected or foreign cells
kills cells by releasing proteins that penetrate and kill the cell
macrophages
live in the tissues
delayed response
consume pathogens, expended neutrophils and other dead cells
Humoral innate immunity secreted molecules do the killing
Viruses “hijack” your cells
> You don’t want to lyse a virally infected cells
interferons
binds to neighboring cells and suppresses the protein processing center
stop transcription and translation
get rid of RNA
induces expression of p53 causing neighboring cells to commit suicide
*Explain the role of the lymphatic system in immunity
collects interstitial fluid
plays an important role in the immune system
transport pathogens to lymph nodes
*Describe the process of inflammation and its significance
1
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Local blood vessels dilated and “leak”; phagocytes migrate to the area
3
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The tissue heals
Adaptive Immunity
*Describe the specific nature of adaptive immunity
> second line of defense
> Only goes to one thing
>recognizes cells through antigen receptors and each cell has an unique receptor (variable region)
Bcells and Tcells
*Describe the origin of Bcells and Tcells
Title: Intro Level Biology Study Guide
Description: This was for a college 100 level biology class for our third exam. It has information on circulation, gas exchange and immunity.
Description: This was for a college 100 level biology class for our third exam. It has information on circulation, gas exchange and immunity.